Congestion control for lte-v2v

ABSTRACT

Improvements may be made for the congestion control considering different technologies, types of radio resources, and priorities of different packets. The apparatus may be a UE. The UE determines an energy-based channel busy ratio (CBR) based on a number of probes on a set of radio resources having respective energy levels greater than an energy threshold. The UE performs congestion control based on the energy-based CBR by adjusting at least one transmission parameter of one or more transmission parameters or transmission power of the UE based on the energy-based CBR.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional ApplicationSerial No. 62/372,756, entitled “CONGESTION CONTROL FOR LTE-V2V” andfiled on Aug. 9, 2016, which is expressly incorporated by referenceherein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND Field

The present disclosure relates generally to communication systems, andmore particularly, to congestion control in device-to-devicecommunication.

Background

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide varioustelecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging,and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employmultiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication withmultiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of suchmultiple-access technologies include code division multiple access(CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequencydivision multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency divisionmultiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency divisionmultiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous codedivision multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.

These multiple access technologies have been adopted in varioustelecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enablesdifferent wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national,regional, and even global level. An example telecommunication standardis Long Term Evolution (LTE). LTE is a set of enhancements to theUniversal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) mobile standardpromulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). LTE isdesigned to support mobile broadband access through improved spectralefficiency, lowered costs, and improved services using OFDMA on thedownlink, SC-FDMA on the uplink, and multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) antenna technology. However, as the demand for mobile broadbandaccess continues to increase, there exists a need for furtherimprovements in LTE technology. These improvements may also beapplicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunicationstandards that employ these technologies.

SUMMARY

The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects inorder to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary isnot an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects, and is intendedto neither identify key or critical elements of all aspects nordelineate the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is topresent some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as aprelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.

Congestion may occur in device-to-device communication such asvehicle-to-vehicle communication. Congestion control to improvecommunication experience has been implemented. The congestion controlmay be performed in a decentralized manner, based on a channel busyratio. Various improvements may be made for the congestion controlconsidering different technologies that a user equipment (UE) uses,types of radio resources, and priorities of different packets.

In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium,and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus may be a UE. The UEdetermines an energy-based channel busy ratio (CBR) based on a number ofprobes on a set of radio resources having respective energy levelsgreater than an energy threshold. The UE performs congestion controlbased on the energy-based CBR by adjusting at least one transmissionparameter of one or more transmission parameters or transmission powerof the UE based on the energy-based CBR.

In an aspect, the apparatus may be a UE. The UE may include means fordetermining an energy-based CBR based on a number of probes on a set ofradio resources having respective energy levels greater than an energythreshold. The UE may include means for performing congestion controlbased on the energy-based CBR by adjusting at least one transmissionparameter of one or more transmission parameters or transmission powerof the UE based on the energy-based CBR.

In an aspect, the apparatus may be a UE including a memory and at leastone processor coupled to the memory. The at least one processor isconfigured to: determine an energy-based CBR based on a number of probeson a set of radio resources having respective energy levels greater thanan energy threshold, and perform congestion control based on theenergy-based CBR by adjusting at least one transmission parameter of oneor more transmission parameters or transmission power of the UE based onthe energy-based CBR.

In an aspect, a computer-readable medium storing computer executablecode may include code to: determine an energy-based CBR based on anumber of probes on a set of radio resources having respective energylevels greater than an energy threshold, and perform congestion controlbased on the energy-based CBR by adjusting at least one transmissionparameter of one or more transmission parameters or transmission powerof the UE based on the energy-based CBR.

To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or moreaspects comprise the features hereinafter fully described andparticularly pointed out in the claims. The following description andthe annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative featuresof the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, ofbut a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspectsmay be employed, and this description is intended to include all suchaspects and their equivalents.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communicationssystem and an access network.

FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D are diagrams illustrating LTE examples of a DLframe structure, DL channels within the DL frame structure, an UL framestructure, and UL channels within the UL frame structure, respectively.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of an evolved Node B (eNB)and user equipment (UE) in an access network.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of a device-to-device communications system.

FIG. 5 is an example diagram illustrating device-to-devicecommunication.

FIG. 6 is an example diagram 600 illustrating transmission of packetswith different priorities and different priority weights.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication.

FIG. 8A is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication, expandingfrom the flowchart of FIG. 7.

FIG. 8B is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication, expandingfrom the flowchart of FIG. 7.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication.

FIG. 10 is a conceptual data flow diagram illustrating the data flowbetween different means/components in an exemplary apparatus.

FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardwareimplementation for an apparatus employing a processing system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appendeddrawings is intended as a description of various configurations and isnot intended to represent the only configurations in which the conceptsdescribed herein may be practiced. The detailed description includesspecific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understandingof various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled inthe art that these concepts may be practiced without these specificdetails. In some instances, well known structures and components areshown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.

Several aspects of telecommunication systems will now be presented withreference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methodswill be described in the following detailed description and illustratedin the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits,processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements”).These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computersoftware, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements areimplemented as hardware or software depends upon the particularapplication and design constraints imposed on the overall system.

By way of example, an element, or any portion of an element, or anycombination of elements may be implemented as a “processing system” thatincludes one or more processors. Examples of processors includemicroprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs),central processing units (CPUs), application processors, digital signalprocessors (DSPs), reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors,systems on a chip (SoC), baseband processors, field programmable gatearrays (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), state machines, gatedlogic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardwareconfigured to perform the various functionality described throughoutthis disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system mayexecute software. Software shall be construed broadly to meaninstructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code,programs, subprograms, software components, applications, softwareapplications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects,executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whetherreferred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardwaredescription language, or otherwise.

Accordingly, in one or more example embodiments, the functions describedmay be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. Ifimplemented in software, the functions may be stored on or encoded asone or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium.Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage mediamay be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way ofexample, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise arandom-access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an electricallyerasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), optical disk storage, magnetic diskstorage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of theaforementioned types of computer-readable media, or any other mediumthat can be used to store computer executable code in the form ofinstructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communicationssystem and an access network 100. The wireless communications system(also referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) includes basestations 102, UEs 104, and an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160. The basestations 102 may include macro cells (high power cellular base station)and/or small cells (low power cellular base station). The macro cellsinclude eNBs. The small cells include femtocells, picocells, andmicrocells.

The base stations 102 (collectively referred to as Evolved UniversalMobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network(E-UTRAN)) interface with the EPC 160 through backhaul links 132 (e.g.,S1 interface). In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 mayperform one or more of the following functions: transfer of user data,radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, headercompression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dualconnectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection setupand release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS)messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, radio access network(RAN) sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriberand equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM), paging,positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 maycommunicate directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160) with eachother over backhaul links 134 (e.g., X2 interface). The backhaul links134 may be wired or wireless.

The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Eachof the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for arespective geographic coverage area 110. There may be overlappinggeographic coverage areas 110. For example, the small cell 102′ may havea coverage area 110′ that overlaps the coverage area 110 of one or moremacro base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell andmacro cells may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneousnetwork may also include Home Evolved Node Bs (eNBs) (HeNBs), which mayprovide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group(CSG). The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and theUEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link)transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and/or downlink (DL)(also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use MIMO antennatechnology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and/or transmitdiversity. The communication links may be through one or more carriers.The base stations 102/UEs 104 may use spectrum up to Y MHz (e.g., 5, 10,15, 20 MHz) bandwidth per carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation ofup to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) used for transmission ineach direction. The carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other.Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL(e.g., more or less carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL). Thecomponent carriers may include a primary component carrier and one ormore secondary component carriers. A primary component carrier may bereferred to as a primary cell (PCell) and a secondary component carriermay be referred to as a secondary cell (SCell).

The wireless communications system may further include a Wi-Fi accesspoint (AP) 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 viacommunication links 154 in a 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum. Whencommunicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the STAs 152/AP 150may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating inorder to determine whether the channel is available.

The small cell 102′ may operate in a licensed and/or an unlicensedfrequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum,the small cell 102′ may employ LTE and use the same 5 GHz unlicensedfrequency spectrum as used by the Wi-Fi AP 150. The small cell 102′,employing LTE in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage toand/or increase capacity of the access network. LTE in an unlicensedspectrum may be referred to as LTE-unlicensed (LTE-U), licensed assistedaccess (LAA), or MuLTEfire.

The millimeter wave (mmW) base station 180 may operate in mmWfrequencies and/or near mmW frequencies in communication with the UE182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in theelectromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and awavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in theband may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend downto a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The superhigh frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, alsoreferred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW/near mmWradio frequency band has extremely high path loss and a short range. ThemmW base station 180 may utilize beamforming 184 with the UE 182 tocompensate for the extremely high path loss and short range.

The EPC 160 may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, otherMMEs 164, a Serving Gateway 166, a Multimedia Broadcast MulticastService (MBMS) Gateway 168, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC)170, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 172. The MME 162 may be incommunication with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 174. The MME 162 isthe control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 andthe EPC 160. Generally, the MME 162 provides bearer and connectionmanagement. All user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferredthrough the Serving Gateway 166, which itself is connected to the PDNGateway 172. The PDN Gateway 172 provides UE IP address allocation aswell as other functions. The PDN Gateway 172 and the BM-SC 170 areconnected to the IP Services 176. The IP Services 176 may include theInternet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), a PS StreamingService (PSS), and/or other IP services. The BM-SC 170 may providefunctions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. The BM-SC 170may serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, maybe used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a publicland mobile network (PLMN), and may be used to schedule MBMStransmissions. The MBMS Gateway 168 may be used to distribute MBMStraffic to the base stations 102 belonging to a Multicast BroadcastSingle Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service,and may be responsible for session management (start/stop) and forcollecting eMBMS related charging information.

The base station may also be referred to as a Node B, evolved Node B(eNB), an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio basestation, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic serviceset (BSS), an extended service set (ESS), or some other suitableterminology. The base station 102 provides an access point to the EPC160 for a UE 104. Examples of UEs 104 include a cellular phone, a smartphone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personaldigital assistant (PDA), a satellite radio, a global positioning system,a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3player), a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearabledevice, or any other similar functioning device. The UE 104 may also bereferred to as a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, amobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobiledevice, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remotedevice, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobileterminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a useragent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology.

Referring again to FIG. 1, in certain aspects, the UE 104 may beconfigured to perform congestion control based on an energy-basedchannel busy ratio and/or a decode-based channel busy ratio and tocontrol packet transmission based on packet priorities and a channelbusy ratio (198).

FIG. 2A is a diagram 200 illustrating an example of a DL frame structurein LTE. FIG. 2B is a diagram 230 illustrating an example of channelswithin the DL frame structure in LTE. FIG. 2C is a diagram 250illustrating an example of an UL frame structure in LTE. FIG. 2D is adiagram 280 illustrating an example of channels within the UL framestructure in LTE. Other wireless communication technologies may have adifferent frame structure and/or different channels. In LTE, a frame (10ms) may be divided into 10 equally sized subframes. Each subframe mayinclude two consecutive time slots. A resource grid may be used torepresent the two time slots, each time slot including one or more timeconcurrent resource blocks (RBs) (also referred to as physical RBs(PRBs)). The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements(REs). In LTE, for a normal cyclic prefix, an RB contains 12 consecutivesubcarriers in the frequency domain and 7 consecutive symbols (for DL,OFDM symbols; for UL, SC-FDMA symbols) in the time domain, for a totalof 84 REs. For an extended cyclic prefix, an RB contains 12 consecutivesubcarriers in the frequency domain and 6 consecutive symbols in thetime domain, for a total of 72 REs. The number of bits carried by eachRE depends on the modulation scheme.

As illustrated in FIG. 2A, some of the REs carry DL reference (pilot)signals (DL-RS) for channel estimation at the UE. The DL-RS may includecell-specific reference signals (CRS) (also sometimes called common RS),UE-specific reference signals (UE-RS), and channel state informationreference signals (CSI-RS). FIG. 2A illustrates CRS for antenna ports 0,1, 2, and 3 (indicated as R₀, R₁, R₂, and R₃, respectively), UE-RS forantenna port 5 (indicated as R₅), and CSI-RS for antenna port 15(indicated as R). FIG. 2B illustrates an example of various channelswithin a DL subframe of a frame. The physical control format indicatorchannel (PCFICH) is within symbol 0 of slot 0, and carries a controlformat indicator (CFI) that indicates whether the physical downlinkcontrol channel (PDCCH) occupies 1, 2, or 3 symbols (FIG. 2B illustratesa PDCCH that occupies 3 symbols). The PDCCH carries downlink controlinformation (DCI) within one or more control channel elements (CCEs),each CCE including nine RE groups (REGs), each REG including fourconsecutive REs in an OFDM symbol. A UE may be configured with aUE-specific enhanced PDCCH (ePDCCH) that also carries DCI. The ePDCCHmay have 2, 4, or 8 RB pairs (FIG. 2B shows two RB pairs, each subsetincluding one RB pair). The physical hybrid automatic repeat request(ARQ) (HARQ) indicator channel (PHICH) is also within symbol 0 of slot 0and carries the HARQ indicator (HI) that indicates HARQ acknowledgement(ACK)/negative ACK (NACK) feedback based on the physical uplink sharedchannel (PUSCH). The primary synchronization channel (PSCH) is withinsymbol 6 of slot 0 within subframes 0 and 5 of a frame, and carries aprimary synchronization signal (PSS) that is used by a UE to determinesubframe timing and a physical layer identity. The secondarysynchronization channel (SSCH) is within symbol 5 of slot 0 withinsubframes 0 and 5 of a frame, and carries a secondary synchronizationsignal (SSS) that is used by a UE to determine a physical layer cellidentity group number. Based on the physical layer identity and thephysical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine aphysical cell identifier (PCI). Based on the PCI, the UE can determinethe locations of the aforementioned DL-RS. The physical broadcastchannel (PBCH) is within symbols 0, 1, 2, 3 of slot 1 of subframe 0 of aframe, and carries a master information block (MIB). The MIB provides anumber of RBs in the DL system bandwidth, a PHICH configuration, and asystem frame number (SFN). The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH)carries user data, broadcast system information not transmitted throughthe PBCH such as system information blocks (SIBs), and paging messages.

As illustrated in FIG. 2C, some of the REs carry demodulation referencesignals (DM-RS) for channel estimation at the eNB. The UE mayadditionally transmit sounding reference signals (SRS) in the lastsymbol of a subframe. The SRS may have a comb structure, and a UE maytransmit SRS on one of the combs. The SRS may be used by an eNB forchannel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling onthe UL. FIG. 2D illustrates an example of various channels within an ULsubframe of a frame. A physical random access channel (PRACH) may bewithin one or more subframes within a frame based on the PRACHconfiguration. The PRACH may include six consecutive RB pairs within asubframe. The PRACH allows the UE to perform initial system access andachieve UL synchronization. A physical uplink control channel (PUCCH)may be located on edges of the UL system bandwidth. The PUCCH carriesuplink control information (UCI), such as scheduling requests, a channelquality indicator (CQI), a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), a rankindicator (RI), and HARQ ACK/NACK feedback. The PUSCH carries data, andmay additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR), a powerheadroom report (PHR), and/or UCI.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an eNB 310 in communication with a UE 350in an access network. In the DL, IP packets from the EPC 160 may beprovided to a controller/processor 375. The controller/processor 375implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality. Layer 3 includes a radioresource control (RRC) layer, and layer 2 includes a packet dataconvergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, anda medium access control (MAC) layer. The controller/processor 375provides RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of systeminformation (e.g., MIB, SIBs), RRC connection control (e.g., RRCconnection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connectionmodification, and RRC connection release), inter radio access technology(RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurementreporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with headercompression/decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrityprotection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLClayer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer packetdata units (PDUs), error correction through ARQ, concatenation,segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs),re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; andMAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channelsand transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks(TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling informationreporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logicalchannel prioritization.

The transmit (TX) processor 316 and the receive (RX) processor 370implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signalprocessing functions. Layer 1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer,may include error detection on the transport channels, forward errorcorrection (FEC) coding/decoding of the transport channels,interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels,modulation/demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antennaprocessing. The TX processor 316 handles mapping to signalconstellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binaryphase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK),M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation(M-QAM)). The coded and modulated symbols may then be split intoparallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an OFDM subcarrier,multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and/orfrequency domain, and then combined together using an Inverse FastFourier Transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a timedomain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM stream is spatially precoded toproduce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channelestimator 374 may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme,as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derivedfrom a reference signal and/or channel condition feedback transmitted bythe UE 350. Each spatial stream may then be provided to a differentantenna 320 via a separate transmitter 318TX. Each transmitter 318TX maymodulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream fortransmission.

At the UE 350, each receiver 354RX receives a signal through itsrespective antenna 352. Each receiver 354RX recovers informationmodulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the receive(RX) processor 356. The TX processor 368 and the RX processor 356implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signalprocessing functions. The RX processor 356 may perform spatialprocessing on the information to recover any spatial streams destinedfor the UE 350. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 350,they may be combined by the RX processor 356 into a single OFDM symbolstream. The RX processor 356 then converts the OFDM symbol stream fromthe time-domain to the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform(FFT). The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbolstream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on eachsubcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated bydetermining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted bythe eNB 310. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimatescomputed by the channel estimator 358. The soft decisions are thendecoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals thatwere originally transmitted by the eNB 310 on the physical channel. Thedata and control signals are then provided to the controller/processor359, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.

The controller/processor 359 can be associated with a memory 360 thatstores program codes and data. The memory 360 may be referred to as acomputer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller/processor 359provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packetreassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signalprocessing to recover IP packets from the EPC 160. Thecontroller/processor 359 is also responsible for error detection usingan ACK and/or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.

Similar to the functionality described in connection with the DLtransmission by the eNB 310, the controller/processor 359 provides RRClayer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs)acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layerfunctionality associated with header compression/decompression, andsecurity (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrityverification); RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer ofupper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation,segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC dataPDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionalityassociated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels,multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs,scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ,priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

Channel estimates derived by a channel estimator 358 from a referencesignal or feedback transmitted by the eNB 310 may be used by the TXprocessor 368 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes,and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated bythe TX processor 368 may be provided to different antenna 352 viaseparate transmitters 354TX. Each transmitter 354TX may modulate an RFcarrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

The UL transmission is processed at the eNB 310 in a manner similar tothat described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 350.Each receiver 318RX receives a signal through its respective antenna320. Each receiver 318RX recovers information modulated onto an RFcarrier and provides the information to a RX processor 370.

The controller/processor 375 can be associated with a memory 376 thatstores program codes and data. The memory 376 may be referred to as acomputer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller/processor 375provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packetreassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processingto recover IP packets from the UE 350. IP packets from thecontroller/processor 375 may be provided to the EPC 160. Thecontroller/processor 375 is also responsible for error detection usingan ACK and/or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of a device-to-device (D2D) communications system460. The D2D communications system 460 includes a plurality of UEs 464,466, 468, 470. The D2D communications system 460 may overlap with acellular communications system, such as for example, a WWAN. Some of theUEs 464, 466, 468, 470 may communicate together in D2D communicationusing the DL/UL WWAN spectrum, some may communicate with the basestation 462, and some may do both. For example, as shown in FIG. 4, theUEs 468, 470 are in D2D communication and the UEs 464, 466 are in D2Dcommunication. The UEs 464, 466 are also communicating with the basestation 462. The D2D communication may be through one or more sidelinkchannels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH), aphysical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH), a physical sidelink sharedchannel (PSSCH), and a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH).

The exemplary methods and apparatuses discussed infra are applicable toany of a variety of wireless D2D communications systems, such as forexample, a wireless device-to-device communication system based onFlashLinQ, WiMedia, Bluetooth, ZigBee, or Wi-Fi based on the IEEE 802.11standard. To simplify the discussion, the exemplary methods andapparatus are discussed within the context of LTE. However, one ofordinary skill in the art would understand that the exemplary methodsand apparatuses are applicable more generally to a variety of otherwireless device-to-device communication systems.

D2D communication may be used to provide direct communication betweendevices. D2D communication enables one device to communicate withanother device and transmit data to the other device over allocatedresources. One use for the D2D communication is a vehicle-to-vehicle(V2V) communication and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication. Thus,according to the V2V communication, a first vehicle's device may performD2D communication with another vehicle's device. According to the V2Xcommunication, a vehicle's device may perform D2D communication withanother device, regardless of whether that the device resides in avehicle or not.

One type of communication that may be used for V2V communication isdedicated short range communication (DSRC). The DSRC provides ashort-range wireless communication capability, typically based on IEEE802.11p that is similar to Wifi. In the DSRC, before transmission, adevice may examine a channel. For transportation-related communications(e.g., V2X communication), 5.9 GHz unlicensed spectrum is generallyreserved to communicate intelligent transportation services (ITS).Recently, implementing other types of communication such as LTEcommunication for V2V communication have been under development. Forexample, LTE direct (LTE-D) may be utilized for V2V communication, overa licensed spectrum and/or an unlicensed spectrum.

FIG. 5 is an example diagram 500 illustrating device-to-devicecommunication. A first device 512 (e.g., UE 512) is present in a firstvehicle 510, and thus may travel with the first vehicle 510. A seconddevice 532 (e.g., another UE 532) may be present in a second vehicle530. In another aspect, the first device 512 may be presentindependently from the first vehicle 510 or may be a part of the firstvehicle 510. The second device 532 may be present independently from thesecond vehicle 530, or may be a part of the second vehicle 530. Thefirst device 512 and the second device 532 may be connected (e.g., inconnected mode with the base station) to a base station 550. The firstdevice 512 and the second device 532 may also be configured to performD2D communication with each other over LTE. The first device 512 and thesecond device 532 may also perform short range communication with eachother over IEEE 802.11p.

LTE V2V communication may provide more reliable performance than IEEE802.11p by providing synchronization in transmission, by usingfrequency-division modulation (FDM), and by providing a coding gain.Although the following discussion refers to LTE V2V communication by wayof illustration and not limitation, the LTE V2V communication is similarto LTE D2D communication, and thus following discussion may also applyto LTE D2D communication.

Congestion may occur in LTE V2V communication, e.g., due to increasednetwork traffic. Congestion control may be implemented to controlnetwork congestion via certain parameters related to communication overLTE V2V based on a level of the congestion. For example, in certaininstances, there may be no centralized entity to perform congestioncontrol of the spectrum usage. The congestion control may be performedwithout a centralized entity (e.g. eNB) to manage admission controland/or radio resource utilization (e.g. out-of-network coverageoperation, and/or decentralized resource selection/reselectionprocedures). Without a centralized entity managing network resources anddevice communications, collisions of different communications may occur.Too many collisions may adversely affect the performance of thecommunication system. For example, collisions may occur when resourcesare not properly allocated to different device communications which mayresult in some devices not having sufficient resources forcommunication. Depending on the communication system and/or the channelaccess method of the communication system, a device may not be able tofunction effectively due to network congestion. For example, a number ofcommunications that can be successfully performed reliably in a networkmay vary depending on a type of a communication system. Decentralizedcongestion control may be based on an 802.11p physical layer and may begeneralized to provide coexistence of various technologies. Therefore,technology-neutral decentralized congestion control in a system with nocentralized entity for managing congestion may be desirable. In someaspects, technology specific enhancements for decentralized congestioncontrol may be provided.

In an aspect, congestion control may be based on a channel busy ratio(CBR) and/or a channel resource utilization. The CBR may represent apercentage of busy resources. The channel resource utilization mayrepresent a percentage of a channel resource being utilized forcommunication. The CBR and the channel resource utilization may betechnology-neutral, as described below. Decentralized congestion controlfor the 802.11p technology may be derived based on thetechnology-neutral congestion control. The technology-neutral approachfor decentralized congestion control may be used for LTE-V2V.

Each UE in the network may estimate a channel resource utilization basedon a CBR. The CBR may be an estimate of the percentage of the resourcesthat are deemed busy/utilized. In an aspect, a resource may be deemedbusy and/or utilized if a signal is decoded on such a resource or if theenergy in such a resource is greater than an energy threshold. The CBRmay be estimated by dividing a number of probes that found busyresources by a number of total probes on the resources, according to thefollowing equation:

${C\; B\; R_{est}} = \frac{{\sum 1}\mspace{11mu} {{probe}\mspace{14mu} {with}\mspace{14mu} {resource}\mspace{14mu} {busy}}}{N\; p}$

where:

-   1V probe with resource busy is the indicator function for a probe    that found the resource busy.-   Np is the total number of probes used to probe resources for    resource-busy measurements.    The granularity of resources may be defined by Nt and Nf, where Nt    is the time granularity of resource utilization (e.g. a 1 ms TTI for    LTE, an OFDM symbol duration for 802.11p), and Nf is the frequency    granularity of resource utilization (e.g. channel BW for 802.11p,    180kHz for LTE). In an aspect, the UE may probe resources based on    the granularity of the resources, where each probe is used to probe    one granularity of the resources.

For example, if the UE probes every 10 microseconds, probing for 100msec would yield a total number of probes equal to 10000. If there are atotal of 10000 probes used to probe for busy resources, and 8000 probesfound the corresponding resources probed busy, then the CBR of thesystem may be 80%.

The CBR may be a function of the number of stations N_(Sta) (e.g., anumber of UEs, a number of transmitters) within certain proximity (e.g.,within a communication range of the UE):

CBR=f(N _(sta)),

where the function f(N_(sta)) may be technology dependent and may dependon a channel access procedure of a corresponding technology.

In an aspect, congestion control may be performed by limiting thechannel resource utilization per UE if the estimated CBR exceeds a CBRlimit (CBR_(limit)). The channel resource utilization per UE may beexpressed as a channel resource (CR). A CR limit (e.g., per UE or perstation) may be determined by dividing a total resources that the systemcan utilize (e.g., CBR_(limit)) by a number of stations (e.g., UEs)N_(Sta), which can be expressed as:

${C\; R_{limit}} = {\frac{C\; B\; R_{limit}}{N_{Sta}} = \frac{C\; B\; R_{limit}}{f^{- 1}\left( {C\; B\; R} \right)}}$

In an alternate formulation, since the congestion control may beactivated when the estimated CBR exceeds a CBR limit (CBR_(limit)), theCR limit (e.g., per UE or STA) may be determined as:

${C\; R_{limit}} = {\frac{C\; B\; R}{N_{Sta}} = \frac{C\; B\; R}{f^{- 1}\left( {C\; B\; R} \right)}}$

In one approach, CBR may be estimated using a linear function ofN_(Sta), which may be expressed as CBR=a*N_(sta)+b. For technologycoexistence with 802.11p, the parameters may be 1/a=4000 and b=0.62(target CBR limit). Additionally, the CR for 802.11p may be estimated asT_(on)/(T_(on)+T_(off)) due to TDMA access (when a device transmits onthe entire channel bandwidth and there is no FDMA operation), whereT_(on) is a duration of time when the UE is on and T_(off) is a durationof time when the UE is off. CR_(limit) may be estimated asT_(on)/(T_(on)+T_(off) _(_) _(limit)), where T_(off) _(_) _(limit) isthe minimum time that the UE may be off to maintain the channel resourceutilization to be less than the CR limit.

Using the above approach for 802.11p, the following equations may bederived.

$\frac{1}{C\; R_{limit}} = {{1 + \frac{T_{off\_ limit}}{T_{on}}} = {{\frac{\frac{{C\; B\; R} - b}{a}}{C\; B\; R}T_{off\_ limit}} = {T_{on} \times \left( {{\frac{1}{a}\frac{{C\; B\; R} - b}{C\; B\; R}} - 1} \right)}}}$

Thus, a CR for 802.11p may be T_(on) divided by the total time:CR=T_(on)/(T_(on)+T_(off)). For example, if the UE is on 400 msec andoff for 100 msec, then the CR is 400/(400+100)=4/5. In an aspect, if theUE is on longer, the UE should be off longer. Further, as shown above,T_(off) or T_(off) _(_) _(limit) may be a linear function of T_(on),which depends on the CBR. Thus, if the channel is busy and thus the CBRis high, the UE may back off more on transmissions due to a greaterT_(off) or a greater T_(off) _(_) _(limit).

The above congestion control approach may have the following limitationswhen used in a system with multiple technologies sharing the networkresources. First, the CBR and channel resource utilization (e.g., a CR)definitions may be applicable only to TDMA systems, whereCR=T_(on)/(T_(on)+T_(off)). Second, a UE estimating the CBR of thesystem may treat all radio resources equally, which may cause a problemfor LTE V2V. In particular, for LTE V2V, the total radio resources maybe split into control resources and data resources. When separateresources are used for control and data, control resources may becomecongested while the overall resources may not be congested (e.g., due tothe data resources being free and not congested). In such an example,treating all resources equally when there are different types ofresources may not effectively address the congestion of certain types ofresources in the system. Thus, in an aspect, a CBR for control resourcesand a CBR for data resources separately is utilized. For example, byconsidering a CBR for control resources and a CBR for data resourcesseparately, if the control resources are too congested, the system mayconsider the congestion of the control resources even if the dataresources are available. Similarly, by considering a CBR for controlresources and a CBR for data resources separately, if the data resourcesare too congested, the system may consider the congestion of the dataresources even if the control resources are available.

Third, as discussed above, the UE may determine that a resource is busyif a signal is decoded on the resource and/or the energy measured on theresource is greater than a threshold. However, such determination of abusy resource by the UE may not consider coexistence of multipletechnologies on the same channel. Thus, a congestion control approachfor coexistence of multiple technologies in addressing the networkcongestion is desired. For example, according to an aspect of thedisclosure, to enable coexistence, each technology of the multipletechnologies may not be allowed to utilize more than 40% of the totalresources for a total channel resource utilization of 80%.

Fourth, use of a single threshold for the CBR independent of prioritiesof transmissions may not allow the UE to prioritize transmission ofhigher priority packets than transmission of lower priority packets.Thus, different congestion limits for packets with different prioritiesmay be beneficial. In an aspect, packet transmission based on thepriorities of the packets may be performed for congestion control. Forexample, according to an aspect of the disclosure, if channel resourceutilization is over a certain threshold (e.g., 50%), the UE may nottransmit low priority packets, but may transmit high priority packets,which may provide more resources for transmitting higher prioritypackets.

According to an aspect of the disclosure, a CBR may be defined based ona percentage of radio resources that are busy/utilized during ameasurement window. The UE may perform congestion control based on theCBR. In an aspect the CBR may be based on an energy-based CBR (CBR_(e)).The UE may compute the CBR_(e) based on energy measurement on aresource. In particular, when computing the CBR_(e), the UE may takeenergy measurements using probes of a set of resources, where each probemeasures an energy on a respective resource of the set of resources, andmay determine a percentage of busy resources based on the energymeasurements. The UE may determine that a resource is busy if energymeasured on the resource by a probe is greater than an energy threshold(e.g., resource energy S>S_(th)). Thus, in an aspect, the UE may computethe CBR_(e) by dividing a number of probes whose energy measurements aregreater than the energy threshold by a total number of probes (N_(p)).

In an aspect, the CBR may be based on a decode-based CBR (CBR_(d)). TheUE may compute the CBR_(d) based on decoding of a signal on a resource.In particular, when computing the CBR_(d), the UE may determine whethera signal on each resource of a set of resources is decoded, where eachof probes corresponds to a respective resource of the set of resources,and may determine a percentage of busy resources based on whether asignal on each resource of the set of resources is decoded. The UE maydetermine that a resource is busy if a signal on the resource isdecoded. Thus, in an aspect, the UE may compute the CBR_(d) by dividinga number of probes on resources on which signals are decoded by a totalnumber of probes (N_(p)) (e.g., on all resources). In an aspect, the UEmay determine that the signal on the resource is decoded if a cyclicredundancy check (CRC) passes. For example, the UE may determine that asuccessful decode occurs when a CRC computed by the UE matches the CRCin the signal on the resource.

The CBR_(e) and the CBR_(d) may be expressed as follows:

$\mspace{20mu} {{C\; B\; R_{e}} = \frac{{\sum 1}\mspace{11mu} {{{probes}\mspace{14mu} {with}\mspace{14mu} {resource}\mspace{14mu} {energy}\mspace{11mu} (S)} > S_{th}}}{N\; p}}$${C\; B\; R_{d}} = \frac{{\sum 1}\mspace{11mu} {{probes}\mspace{14mu} {with}\mspace{14mu} {resource}\mspace{14mu} {deocde}\mspace{14mu} {success}\mspace{14mu} \left( {{CRC}\mspace{14mu} {pass}} \right)}}{N\; p}$

According to a an aspect of the disclosure, for systems with separatecontrol resources and data resources, where the control resources areused for control transmissions and the data resources are used for datatransmissions, the UE may compute the CBR for control resources and theCBR for data resources separately. For example, the UE may compute twotypes of energy-based CBR including an energy-based CBR for controlresources CBR_(control) _(_) _(e) and an energy-based CBR for dataresources CBR_(data) _(_) _(c). For example, the UE may compute twotypes of decode-based CBRs including a decode-based CBR for controlresources CBR_(control) _(_) _(d) and a decode-based CBR for dataresources CBR_(data) _(_) _(d). The two types of energy-based CBRs andthe two types of decode-based CBRs may be expressed as follows:

$\mspace{20mu} {{C\; B\; R_{control\_ e}} = \frac{{{\sum 1}\; {{{probes}\mspace{14mu} {with}\mspace{14mu} {control}\mspace{14mu} {resource}\mspace{14mu} {energy}} > S_{th}}}\;}{N\; p}}$${C\; B\; R_{control\_ d}} = \frac{{\sum 1}\; {{probes}\mspace{14mu} {with}\mspace{14mu} {control}\mspace{14mu} {resource}\mspace{14mu} {deocde}\mspace{14mu} {success}}}{N\; p}$$\mspace{20mu} {{C\; B\; R_{data\_ e}} = \frac{{\sum 1}\; {{{probes}\mspace{14mu} {with}\mspace{14mu} {data}\mspace{14mu} {resource}\mspace{14mu} {energy}} > S_{th}}}{N\; p}}$$\mspace{20mu} {{C\; B\; R_{data\_ d}} = \frac{{\sum 1}\; {{probes}\mspace{14mu} {with}\mspace{14mu} {data}\mspace{14mu} {resource}\mspace{14mu} {deocde}\mspace{14mu} {success}}}{N\; p}}$

According to an aspect of the disclosure, the upper limit for the CBR(e.g., CBR_(e), CBR_(d), CBR_(control) _(_) _(e), CBR_(control) _(_)_(d), CBR_(data) _(_) _(e), CBR_(data) _(_) _(d)) may be configured forthe UE. In an aspect, the upper limit for each type of CBR (e.g.,CBR_(limit)) may be provided via pre-configuration and/or a dynamicconfiguration. In an aspect, the pre-configuration may be performed viaat least one of the UE or a universal integrated circuit card (UICC).For example, according to the pre-configuration approach, the upperlimit (e.g., CBR_(limit)) may be preconfigured within the UE. In anaspect, the dynamic configuration is performed based on at least one ofRRC signaling from a base station, signaling from an intelligenttransportation system (ITS) server, or signaling from anoperator-controlled server. For example, according to the dynamicconfiguration approach, a base station may provide the upper limit(e.g., via an RRC message) to the UE.

According to an aspect of the disclosure, the UE may compute the CRupper limit (CR_(limit)) on the channel resource utilization by dividingthe CBR_(limit) by a number of stations (e.g., UEs, transmitters)present within a communication range of the UE (e.g., the distance orangular range that can be reached by the UE). In an aspect, theCR_(limit) defined by the CR (e.g., in terms of percentage of radioresources) may be computed as follows:

${C\; R_{limit}} = \frac{C\; B\; R_{limit}}{f^{- 1}\left( {C\; B\; R} \right)}$

where f⁻¹(CBR)=N_(Sta) and N_(Sta) is a number of stations, such thatthe inverse function f⁻¹ may determine a number of stations (e.g., UEs,transmitters) based on the CBR.

The inverse function f⁻¹ may be configured, e.g., via apre-configuration within the UE or a dynamic configuration. In anaspect, the pre-configuration may be performed via at least one of theUE or a UICC. For example, according to the pre-configuration approach,the inverse function f⁻¹ may be preconfigured within the UE. In anaspect, the dynamic configuration is performed based on at least one ofRRC signaling from a base station, signaling from an ITS sever, orsignaling from an operator-controlled server. For example, according tothe dynamic configuration approach, a base station may provide theinverse function f⁻¹ (e.g., via an RRC message) to the UE. In an aspect,the function f may be a fixed function (e.g., linear or exponential) ormay be dynamically configured in the UE. Based on the CBR limit, the UEmay compute the CR_(limit) in terms of the percentage of radio resourcesthat the UE is allowed to occupy, where the CR_(limit) may represent themaximum allowed channel resource utilization. Thus, for example, the UEmay be allowed to utilize channel resources given that the channelresource utilization by the UE is below the CR_(limit).

The function,

${{C\; R_{limit}} = \frac{C\; B\; R_{limit}}{f^{- 1}\left( {C\; B\; R} \right)}},$

may be generalized to CR_(limit)=F(CBR), such that the CR_(limit) may beexpressed as a function of the CBR. In an aspect, the CBR may be anenergy-based CBR. In an aspect, the generalized function F(CBR) may beconfigured, e.g., via a pre-configuration within the UE or a dynamicconfiguration. In an aspect, the pre-configuration may be performed viaat least one of the UE or a UICC. For example, according to thepre-configuration approach, the generalized function F(CBR) may bepreconfigured within the UE. In an aspect, the dynamic configuration isperformed based on at least one of RRC signaling from a base station,signaling from an ITS sever, or signaling from an operator-controlledserver. For example, according to the dynamic configuration approach, abase station may provide the generalized function F(CBR) (e.g., via anRRC message) to the UE. In an aspect, the generalized function F(CBR)may be configured for a particular packet priority.

In an aspect, the CR_(limit) may be determined based on either theenergy-based CBR or the decode-based CBR, depending on whether the UEdetects another technology different from the technology of the UE. Inparticular, the UE may determine the CR_(limit) based on thedecode-based CBR if the UE determines another technology is detected.Thus, if another technology is detected, the UE may determine theCR_(limit) by dividing CBR_(limit) _(_) _(d) (CBR_(limit) for CBR_(d))by a number of stations that is determined based on CBR_(d). The UE maydetermine the CR_(limit) based on the energy-based CBR if the UEdetermines another technology is not detected. Thus, if anothertechnology is not detected, the UE may determine the CR_(limit) bydividing CBR_(limit) _(_) _(e) (CBR_(limit) for CBR_(e)) by a number ofstations that is determined based on CBR_(e). Therefore, for example,the CR limit may be determined as follows:

${{{If}\mspace{14mu} \frac{\left( {\sum\limits_{{iP} = 0}^{{MW}/{Tp}}1_{{({{Ed} \succ {f*{Ec}}})}^{1}{({{Ec} \succ {Th}})}}} \right)}{\sum\limits_{{iP} = 0}^{{MW}/{Tp}}1_{({{Ec} \succ {Th}})}}} < {{Th}_{2}\mspace{14mu} \left( {e.g.\mspace{14mu} 0.75} \right)}},{{{Then}\text{:}\mspace{14mu} C\; {R\;}_{limit}} = \frac{C\; B\; R_{limit\_ d}}{f^{- 1}\left( {C\; B\; R_{d}} \right)}},{{{Else}\text{:}\mspace{14mu} C\; R_{limit}} = {\frac{C\; B\; R_{limit\_ e}}{f^{- 1}\left( {C\; B\; R_{e}} \right)}.}}$

In the above example, the UE may detect another technology byconsidering energy instances where energy (Ec) on the resources isgreater than a threshold (Th) and decode instances where a signal can bedecoded (Ed) for the resources with energy (Ec) greater than a threshold(Th). If the ratio of the decode instances to the energy instances fallsbelow a technology threshold (Th₂), then the UE may determine thatanother technology is present and may use the CBR_(limit) _(_) _(d) forcoexistence among multiple technologies to compute CR_(limit). If theratio of the decode instances to the energy instances does not fallbelow the technology threshold (Th₂), then the UE may determine thatanother technology is not present and thus uses the CBR_(limit) _(_)_(e) to compute the CR_(limit). In an aspect, the UE may ensure thatCBR_(limit) _(_) _(d) is less than or equal to CBR_(limit) _(_) _(e).f⁻¹(CBR_(d)) may be a number of stations (e.g., UEs, transmitters)utilizing the same technology as the UE computing the CR_(limit) becausethe UE may not be able to decode signals of a different technology. Onthe other hand, f⁻¹ (CBR_(e)) may be a number of stations (e.g., UEs,transmitters) utilizing any technology because the UE considers energyon the resource which may include energy caused by the UE's technologyas well as energy caused by other technologies. In an aspect, if noco-channel coexistence among different technologies is expected, thenCBR_(limit) _(_) _(d) may not be configured and CR limits may be givenby CBR_(limit) _(_) _(e).

According to an aspect of the disclosure, the UE may perform congestioncontrol based on at least one of the CBRs described above (e.g.,CBR_(e), CBR_(d), CBR_(control) _(_) _(e), CBR_(control) _(_) _(d),CBR_(data) _(_) _(e), CBR_(data) _(_) _(d)). To perform congestioncontrol based on the CBR (e.g., CBR_(e), CBR_(d), CBR_(control) _(_)_(e), CBR_(control) _(_) _(d), CBR_(data) _(_) _(e), CBR_(data) _(_)_(d)), the UE may adjust transmission parameters (e.g., a number ofoccupied resources, MCS, a transmission rate, a number of HARQretransmissions, etc.) and/or transmission power of the UE. In anaspect, if the CBR (e.g., CBR_(e), CBR_(d), CBR_(control) _(_) _(e),CBR_(control) _(_) _(d), CBR_(data) _(_) _(e), CBR_(data) _(_) _(d))exceeds the CBR limit, the UE may perform the congestion control bylimiting the CR value. In an aspect, the UE may adjust the transmissionparameters and/or the transmission power of the UE to maintain the CRvalue to be below the CR_(limit). In an aspect, the UE may decrease theCR by increasing an MCS. For example, if the CR_(limit) indicates 10% oftotal resources and the current CR is greater than 10%, then the UE mayincrease the MCS to increase the coding rate such that fewer resourcesmay be used to transmit the same amount of data, to decrease the CR to10%. In an aspect, if the UE performs multiple transmissions, the UE mayadjust the number of transmissions to adjust the CR, where decreasingthe number of transmissions may decrease the CR. In an aspect, the UEmay decrease the CR by increasing the periodicity duration betweentransmissions to decrease a transmission rate (e.g., to addresscongestion) and/or by decreasing the number of HARQ retransmissions. Thetransmission rate is a rate at which the UE performs transmission. Forexample, the UE may decrease the transmission rate to transmit every 200msec instead of every 100 msec, to reduce congestion. In an aspect, theUE may perform the congestion control features described above afterdetermining the CR_(limit).

According to an aspect of the disclosure, the CBR_(limit) may varydepending on a packet priority of a packet, and thus the UE may controltransmission of packets by considering packet priorities. In an aspect,the UE may compute the channel resource utilization limit (CR_(limit))according to a priority of a packet being transmitted. In an aspect, theUE may control transmission of packets based on CBR limits thatcorrespond to respective packet priorities, where a higherCBR_(limit)may be used for a higher priority packet. For example, if asystem supports packets of three priorities (p=0,1,2), with p=0 beingthe highest priority, the UE may determine different CBR_(limit) valuesfor each of the different priorities. In particular, the UE maydetermine CBR_(limit) _(_) _(p0) for p=0, CBR_(limit) _(_) _(p1) forp=1, CBR_(limit) _(_) _(p2) for p=2, where CBR_(limit) _(_)_(p2)<CBR_(limit) _(_) _(p1)<CBR_(limit) _(_) _(p0). In one example,CBR_(limit) _(_) _(p2) may be 30%, CBR_(limit) _(_) _(p1) may be 50%,and CBR_(limit) _(_) _(p0) may be 80%. In the example where CBR_(limit)_(_) _(p2)=30%, if the CBR increases to over 30%, the UE may refrainfrom transmitting packets with priority 2 (p=2). In an aspect, forexample, this aspect of the disclosure may ensure that lower prioritytraffic may congest the system up to a low threshold (e.g. 30%) whilestill allowing higher priority traffic to be successfully transmitted byallowing the higher priority traffic to congest the resources up to ahigh threshold (e.g., 80%).

According to one aspect, the UE may control transmission of packetsbased on CR limits that correspond to respective packet priorities,where a higher CR limit may be used for a higher priority packet. In anaspect, in a connected system with N number of UEs, a CR_(limit) for aparticular priority may be CBR_(limit) for the particular prioritydivided by N, where N is a number of stations (e.g., UEs, transmitters,etc.) within a communication range of the UE. Thus, if a system supportspackets of different priorities, the UE may determine differentCBR_(limit) values for each of the different priorities. For example, ina scenario where a system supports packets of three different priorities(p=0,1,2) with p=0 being the highest priority, in order to determineCR_(limit) _(_) _(p0) for p=0, CR_(limit) _(_) _(p1) for p=1, andCR_(limit) _(_) _(p2) for p=2 (where CBR_(limit) _(_) _(p2)<CBR_(limit)_(_) _(p1)<CBR_(limit) _(_) _(p0)), the UE may determine CR_(limit) _(_)_(p0)=CBR_(limit) _(_) _(p0)/N, CR_(limit) _(_) _(p1)=CBR_(limit) _(_)_(p1)/N, and CR_(limit) _(_) _(p2)=CBR_(limit) _(_) _(p2)/N,respectively. In one example, CBR_(limit) _(_) _(p2) may be 30%,CBR_(limit) _(_) _(p1) may be 50%, and CBR_(limit) _(_) _(p0) may be80%, and thus CR_(limit) _(_) _(p2) may be 0.3/N, CR_(limit) _(_) _(p1)may be 0.5/N, and CR_(limit) _(_) _(p0) may be 0.8/N. When transmittinga packet with p=0, a packet with p=1, and a packet with p=2, the UEshould ensure that the CR for the packet with p=2 is less thanCR_(limit) _(_) _(p2), the CR for the packet with p=1 is less thanCR_(limit) _(_) _(p1)+CR_(limit) _(_) _(p2), and the CR for the packetwith p=0 is less than CR_(limit) _(_) _(p0)+CR_(limit) _(_)_(p1)+CR_(limit) _(_) _(p2). Therefore, for a higher priority packet, ahigher CR may be allowed for UE's transmission of the higher prioritypackets.

In an aspect, the UE may compute channel resource utilization limitsaccording to respective packet priorities of packets being transmitted.As discussed above, the function,

${{C\; R_{limit}} = \frac{C\; B\; R_{limit}}{f^{- 1}\left( {C\; B\; R} \right)}},$

may be generalized to CR_(limit)=F(CBR), and the generalized functionF(CBR) may be configured for a particular packet priority. Thus, eachchannel resource utilization limit corresponding to a respective packetpriority may be computed based on the CBR, based on the generalizedfunction F(CBR) configured for the respective packet priority. Forexample, in a scenario where a system supports packets of threedifferent priorities (p=0,1,2) with p=0 being the highest priority,channel resource utilizations for the three different priorities may beexpressed as CR_(limit) _(_) _(p0)=F₀(CBR), CR_(limit) _(_)_(p1)=F₁(CBR), and CR_(limit) _(_) _(p2)=F₂(CBR), where F₀(CBR),F₁(CBR), and F₂(CBR) are generalized functions for p=0, p=1, and =2,respectively. When transmitting a packet with p=0, a packet with p=1,and a packet with p=2, the UE should ensure that the CR for the packetwith p=2 is less than CR_(limit) _(_) _(p2), the CR for the packet withp=1 is less than CR_(limit) _(_) _(p1)+CR_(limit) _(_) _(p2), and the CRfor the packet with p=0 is less than CR_(limit) _(_) _(p0)+CR_(limit)_(_) _(p1)+CR_(limit) _(_) _(p2). Therefore, for a higher prioritypacket, a higher CR may be allowed for UE's transmission of packets. Inan aspect, as described above, the generalized function F(CBR) may beconfigured, e.g., via a pre-configuration within the UE or a dynamicconfiguration. Thus, each of the channel resource utilization limits maybe computed based on pre-configuration within the UE or the dynamicconfiguration. In an aspect, the pre-configuration may be performed viaat least one of the UE or a UICC. In an aspect, the dynamicconfiguration is performed based on at least one of RRC signaling from abase station, signaling from an ITS sever, or signaling from anoperator-controlled server.

According to an aspect of the disclosure, if the UE is transmittingpackets with different priorities, then the priority information of thepackets may be considered as follows. When the UE has packets withdifferent priorities for transmission, the UE may determine aCBR_(limit) per priority and a CR_(limit) per priority. Thus, theCBR_(limit) and the CR_(limit) vary based on the priority. In an aspect,if a CBR is below a CBR_(limit) for a particular priority, then the UEmay transmit packets with the particular priority. For example, if a CBRis below CBR_(limit) _(_) _(p1), the UE may transmit packets with thepriority p1. On the other hand, if the CBR is greater than or equal tothe CBR_(limit) for the particular priority, then the UE may nottransmit packets with the particular priority. For example, if a CBR isgreater than or equal to CBR_(limit) _(_) _(p1), the UE may not transmitpackets with the priority p1. In an aspect, if the CBR is greater than aCBR_(limit) for a low priority and less than a CBR_(limit) for a highpriority, the UE may transmit the packets with the high priority and maynot transmit packets with the low priority. For example, in case whereCBR_(limit) _(_) _(p2)<CBR_(limit) _(_) ₁<CBR_(limit) _(_) _(p0), if theCBR is below CBR_(limit) _(_) _(p2), the UE may transmit packets withthe priority p2 as well as packets with the priority p1 and the packetswith priority p0. On the other hand, if the CBR is greater thanCBR_(limit) _(_) _(p1)and less CBR_(limit) _(_) _(p0), the UE maytransmit packets with priority p0 but may not transmit packets withpriority p1 or priority p2.

In an aspect, if a CR is below a CR_(limit) for a particular priority,then the UE may transmit packets with the particular priority. Forexample, if a CR is below CR_(limit) _(_) _(p1), the UE may transmitpackets with the priority pl. On the other hand, if the CR is greaterthan or equal to the CR_(limit) for the particular priority, then the UEmay not transmit packets with the particular priority. For example, if aCR is greater than or equal to the CR_(limit) _(_) _(p1), the UE mayrefrain from transmitting packets with the priority pl. In an aspect, ifthe CR is greater than a CR_(limit) for a low priority and less than aCR_(limit) for a high priority, the UE may transmit the packets with thehigh priority and may not transmit packets with the low priority. Forexample, in case where CR_(limit) _(_) _(p2)<CR_(limit) _(_)_(p1)<CR_(limit) _(_) _(p0), if the CR is below CR_(limit) _(_) _(p2),the UE may transmit packets with the priority p2 as well as packets withthe priority p1 and the packets with priority p0. On the other hand, ifthe CR is greater than CR_(limit) _(_) _(p1) and less CR_(limit) _(_)_(p0), the UE may transmit packets with priority p0 but may not transmitpackets with priority p1 or priority p2.

If the packets with different priorities are transmitted, the UE maytransmit the packets in a particular order based on the differentpriorities, according to at least one of the following options.According to a first option, the UE may first transmit all higherpriority packets before transmitting lower priority packets. In anaspect, before transmission, packets may be placed in different transmitqueues based on different priorities. Thus, the UE may empty a queue ofhigher priority packets to prepare the higher priority packets fortransmission before accessing a queue of lower priority packets.

According to a second option, the UE may assign different weights fordifferent priorities, and may transmit packets of different prioritiesbased on the weights. The weight per priority w_p may define a portionof packets with priority p to be transmitted. For example, if thepackets have two priorities p1 and p2, weights of w_1=0.75 and w_2=0.25,respectively, three p1 packets for every one p2 packet may betransmitted. Based on a CBR limit per priority, if the set of prioritiesthat the UEs may transmit is P={0,1, . . . ,p-1}, the weights for thepriorities may be normalized such that a sum of the normalized weightsis equal to 1 within the set P, based on

${\overset{\_}{w_{l}} = \frac{w_{i}}{\sum\limits_{k \in P}w_{k}}},$

where w _(ι) is a normalized weight for a priority. In an example wherefour priorities of packets are possible and w_0=0.6, w_1=0.2, w_2=0.15,w_3=0.05, when packets with priority p0 and priority p1 may betransmitted (e.g., P={0, 1}), w_0 and w_1 may be normalized such that asum of the normalized weights is equal to 1. Thus, in this example, thenormalized w_0=0.75 and the normalized w_1=0.25, such that the sum ofthe normalized w_0 and the normalized w_1 is 1.

FIG. 6 is an example diagram 600 illustrating transmission of packetswith different priorities and different priority weights. At a MAClayer, the packets to be transmitted may be placed in various queuesdepending on the priorities of the packets. As illustrated, the priority0 queue 612 has 4 packets, the priority 1 queue 614 has two packets, thepriority 2 queue 616 has three packets and the priority 3 queue 618 hasfour packets. In the example, the CBR_(est) is below the CBR_(limit)_(_) _(p0) and CBR_(limit) _(_) _(p1), and thus priority 0 packets andpriority 1 packets may be transmitted. The CBR_(est) is greater than theCBR_(limit) _(_) _(p2) and CBR_(limit) _(_) _(p3), and thus priority 2packets and priority 3 packets may not be transmitted. In this example,the normalized w_0=0.75 and the normalized w_1=0.25, and thus threepackets of the priority 0 packets for each one packet of the priority 1packets may be transmitted. The packets to be transmitted may be movedto the physical layer transmit queue 652 for transmission. Three packetsfrom the priority 0 queue 612 and one packet from the priority 1 queue614 are moved to the physical layer transmit queue 652 for transmission,according to the normalized weights w_0 and w_1.

According to a third option, the weights for the priorities are furtherbased on the CBR. For example, a portion of the weights distributed to ahigher priority may increase as a CBR increases. Similarly, a portion ofthe weights distributed to a lower priority may increase as a CBRdecreases. For example, for CBR>x1%, weights may be: {w0,w1,w2}={0.9,0.09, 0.01}, for x1%>CBR>x2%, weights may be: {w0,w1,w2}={0.6, 0.39,0.01}, and for x2%>CBR, the weights may be: {w0,w1,w2}={0.5, 0.33,0.17}. The third option allows reducing the weight for a lower priorityif a CBR falls below CBR_(limit) _(_) _(priority) (thus causing thelower priority queue to empty more slowly), instead of completelyrefraining from transmitting the packets with the lower priority.

According to an aspect of the disclosure, the control transmissionand/or data transmission (e.g., at a physical layer) may include thepacket priority information. Then, the UE may determine a CBR_(d) perpriority based on the priority information included in thetransmissions. The UE may be configured with a limit for each priorityCBR_(d) _(_) _(priority). The UE may calculate the CR_(limit) perpriority based on the CBR_(d) _(_) _(priority).

FIG. 7 is a flowchart 700 of a method of wireless communication. Themethod may be performed by a UE (e.g., the UE 512). At 702, the UEdetermines an energy-based CBR based on a number of probes on a set ofradio resources having respective energy levels greater than an energythreshold. For example, as discussed supra, when computing the CBR_(e),the UE may make energy measurements using probes on a set of resources,where each probe measures an energy from a respective resource of theset of resources, and may determine a percentage of busy resources basedon the energy measurements. For example, as discussed supra, the UE maydetermine that a resource is busy if energy measured on the resource bya probe is greater than an energy threshold (e.g., resource energyS>S_(th)). For example, as discussed supra, in an aspect, the UE maycompute the CBR_(e) by dividing a number of probes whose energymeasurements are greater than the energy threshold by a total number ofprobes (N_(p)).

At 704, the UE may determine a decode-based CBR based on a number ofprobes on the set of radio resources with successful decoding. In anaspect, each radio resource may be based on a minimum time-frequencyunit of resource allocation for the UE. In an aspect, the successfuldecoding may be determined based on CRC. For example, as discussedsupra, the UE may compute the CBR_(d) based on decoding of a signal on aresource. For example, as discussed supra, when computing the CBR_(d),the UE may determine whether signals on a set of resources are decoded,where each of probes corresponds to a respective resource of the set ofresources, and may determine a percentage of busy resources based onwhether a signal on each resource of the set of resources is decoded.For example, as discussed supra, in an aspect, the UE may compute theCBR_(d) by dividing a number of probes on resources on which signals aredecoded by a total number of probes (N_(p))

At 706, the UE may determine a CBR limit based on at least one ofpre-configuration within the UE or dynamic configuration via a receivedconfiguration message. In such an aspect, the pre-configuration may beperformed via at least one of the UE or a UICC, and the dynamicconfiguration may be performed based on at least one of RRC signalingfrom a base station, signaling from an ITS sever, or signaling from anoperator-controlled server. For example, as discussed supra, the upperlimit for each type of CBR (e.g., CBR_(limit)) may be provided viapre-configuration and/or a dynamic configuration. For example, asdiscussed supra, the pre-configuration may be performed via at least oneof the UE or a UICC. For example, as discussed supra, the dynamicconfiguration is performed based on at least one of RRC signaling from abase station, signaling from an ITS sever, or signaling from anoperator-controlled server.

At 708, the UE may perform additional features, as discussed infra.

At 710, the UE performs congestion control based on the energy-based CBRby adjusting at least one transmission parameter of one or moretransmission parameters or transmission power of the UE based on theenergy-based CBR. For example, as discussed supra, to perform congestioncontrol based on the CBR (e.g., e.g., CBR_(c), CBR_(d), CBR_(control)_(_) _(c), CBR_(control) _(_) _(d), CBR_(data) _(_) _(c), CBR_(data)_(_) _(d)), the UE may adjust transmission parameters (e.g., a number ofoccupied resource, MCS, a transmission rate, a number of HARQretransmissions, etc.) and/or transmission power of the UE.

In an aspect, the one or more transmission parameters may include atleast one of a transmission rate, a number of HARQ transmissions, anumber of resources used for transmission, or an MCS. In such an aspect,the adjusting the one or more transmission parameters or the transmitpower of the UE may include decreasing a channel resource utilization byperforming at least one of: decreasing the transmission rate, decreasingthe number of HARQ transmissions, decreasing the number of resourcesused for transmission, increasing the MCS, or decreasing thetransmission power. For example, as discussed supra, the UE may decreasethe CR by increasing an MCS. For example, as discussed supra, if the UEperforms multiple transmissions, the UE may adjust the number oftransmissions to adjust the CR, where decreasing the number oftransmissions may decrease the CR. For example, as discussed supra, theUE may decrease the CR by increasing the periodicity duration betweentransmissions to decrease a transmission rate (e.g., to addresscongestion) and/or by decreasing the number of HARQ retransmissions.

In an aspect, the UE may perform the congestion control further based onthe decode-based CBR. For example, as discussed supra, the UE mayperform congestion control based on the CBR (e.g., CBR_(e), CBR_(d),CBR_(control) _(_) _(e), CBR_(control) _(_) _(d), CBR_(data) _(_) _(e),CBR_(data) _(_) _(d)).

In an aspect, the UE may perform the congestion control by limiting achannel resource utilization when at least one of the energy-based CBRor the decode-based CBR exceeds the CBR limit. For example, as discussedsupra, if the CBR (e.g., CBR_(e), CBR_(d), CBR_(control) _(_) _(e),CBR_(control) _(_) _(d), CBR_(data) _(_) _(e), CBR_(data) _(_) _(d))exceeds the CBR limit, the UE may perform the congestion control bylimiting the CR value.

In an aspect, the UE may determine the energy-based CBR by: determininga first energy-based CBR for a set of control resources used for controltransmissions and determining a second energy-based CBR for a set ofdata resources used for data transmissions, where the UE may perform thecongestion control based on at least one of the first energy-based CBRor the second energy-based CBR. In an aspect, the UE may determine theenergy-based CBR by: determining a first decode-based CBR for the set ofcontrol resources and determining a second decode-based CBR for the setof data resources, where the UE may perform the congestion control basedon at least one of the first decode-based CBR or the second decode-basedCBR. For example, as discussed supra, for systems with separate controlresources and data resources, where the control resources are used forcontrol transmissions and the data resources are used for datatransmissions, the UE may compute the CBR for control resources and theCBR for data resources separately. For example, as discussed supra, theUE may compute two types of energy-based CBR including an energy-basedCBR for control resources CBR_(control) _(_) _(c) and an energy-basedCBR for data resources CBR_(data) _(_) _(e). For example, as discussedsupra, the UE may compute two types of decode-based CBRs including adecode-based CBR for control resources CBR_(control) _(_) _(d) and adecode-based CBR for data resources CBR_(data) _(_) _(d). For example,as discussed supra, the UE may perform congestion control based on theCBR (e.g., CBR_(e), CBR_(d), CBR_(control) _(_) _(e), CBR_(control) _(_)_(d), CBR_(data) _(_) _(e), CBR_(data) _(_) _(d)).

FIG. 8A is a flowchart 800 of a method of wireless communication,expanding from the flowchart 700 of FIG. 7. The method may be performedby a UE (e.g., the UE 512, the apparatus 1002/1002′). At 708, the UEperforms the additional features illustrated in the flowchart 800 ofFIG. 8A. At 802, the UE may determine a channel resource utilizationlimit for the UE as a function of the energy-based CBR. For example, asdiscussed supra, the function,

${{C\; R_{limit}} = \frac{C\; B\; R_{limit}}{f^{- 1}\left( {C\; B\; R} \right)}},$

may be generalized to CR_(limit)=F(CBR), such that the CR_(limit) may beexpressed as a function of the CBR, where the CBR may be an energy-basedCBR. In such an aspect, the UE may perform the congestion control (e.g.,at 710) by adjusting the at least one transmission parameter of the oneor more transmission parameters or the transmission power to maintain achannel resource utilization below the channel resource utilizationlimit that is based on the energy-based CBR. For example, as discussedsupra, the UE may adjust the transmission parameters and/or thetransmission power of the UE to maintain the CR value to be below theCR_(limit). In such an aspect, the UE may determine the channel resourceutilization limit as the function of the energy-based CBR based on atleast one of pre-configuration within the UE or dynamic configurationvia a received configuration message. In such an aspect, thepre-configuration may be performed via at least one of the UE or a UICC,and the dynamic configuration may be performed based on at least one ofRRC signaling from a base station, signaling from an ITS sever, orsignaling from an operator-controlled server. For example, as discussedsupra, the generalized function F(CBR) may be configured, e.g., via apre-configuration within the UE or a dynamic configuration. For example,as discussed supra, the pre-configuration may be performed via at leastone of the UE or a UICC. For example, as discussed supra, the dynamicconfiguration is performed based on at least one of RRC signaling from abase station, signaling from an ITS sever, or signaling from anoperator-controlled server.

In an aspect, the UE may determine the channel resource utilizationlimit as the function of the energy-based CBR by: determining a CBRlimit, determining a number of other UEs within a communication range ofthe UE based on the energy-based CBR, and determining the channelresource utilization limit by dividing an energy-based CBR limit by thenumber of the other UEs within the communication range. For example, asdiscussed supra, the UE may compute the CR upper limit (CR_(limit)) onthe channel resource utilization by dividing the CBR_(limit) by a numberof stations (e.g., UEs, transmitters) present within a communicationrange of the UE.

FIG. 8B is a flowchart 850 of a method of wireless communication,expanding from the flowchart 700 of FIG. 7. The method may be performedby a UE (e.g., the UE 512, the apparatus 1002/1002′). In an aspect, at710, the UE may perform the additional features illustrated in theflowchart 850 of FIG. 8B. At 852, the UE determines whether a secondtechnology different from a first technology used by the UE is detected.For example, as discussed supra, the CR_(limit) may be determined basedon either the energy-based CBR or the decode-based CBR, depending onwhether the UE detects another technology different from the technologyof the UE. In an aspect, the UE may determine whether the secondtechnology is detected by: identifying one or more resources with energylevels greater than a second energy threshold, determining that thesecond technology is detected if a fraction based on an amount ofdecodable energy of the one or more resources and an overall energy ofthe one or more resources is less than an fraction threshold, anddetermining that the second technology is not detected if the fractionbased on the amount of the decodable energy of the one or more resourcesand the overall energy of the one or more resources is greater than thefraction threshold. For example, as discussed supra, the UE may detectanother technology by considering energy instances where energy (Ec) onthe resources is greater than a threshold (Th) and decode instanceswhere a signal can be decoded (Ed) for the resources with energy (Ec)greater than a threshold (Th). For example, as discussed supra, if theratio of the decode instances to the energy instances falls below atechnology threshold (Th₂), then the UE may determine that anothertechnology is present and may use the CBR_(limit) _(_) _(d) forcoexistence among multiple technologies to compute CR_(limit). Forexample, as discussed supra, if the ratio of the decode instances to theenergy instances does not fall below the technology threshold (Th₂),then the UE may determine that another technology is not present andthus uses the CBR_(limit) _(_) _(e) to compute the CR_(limit).

In such an aspect, at 854, the UE may determine a channel resourceutilization limit based on the decode-based CBR or the energy-based CBR,where the channel resource utilization limit is determined as a functionof the decode-based CBR if the presence of the second technology isdetected, and the channel resource utilization limit is determined as afunction of the energy-based CBR if the presence of the secondtechnology is not detected. For example, as discussed supra, the UE maydetermine the CR_(limit) based on the decode-based CBR if the UEdetermines another technology is detected. For example, as discussedsupra, the UE may determine the CR_(limit) based on the energy-based CBRif the UE determines another technology is not detected. In such anaspect, the UE may perform the congestion control (e.g., at 710) byadjusting the one or more transmission parameters to maintain a channelresource utilization below the channel resource utilization limit. Forexample, as discussed supra, the UE may adjust the transmissionparameters and/or the transmission power of the UE to maintain the CRvalue to be below the CR_(limit). In an aspect, the energy-based CBRlimit may be greater than or equal to the decode-based CBR limit.

In an aspect, the UE may determine the channel resource utilizationlimit as the function of the decode-based CBR or as the function of theenergy-based CBR by: determining a CBR limit, determining a number ofother UEs within a communication range of the UE as a function of theenergy-based CBR or the decode-based CBR, and determining the channelresource utilization limit by dividing the CBR limit by the UEs withinthe communication range. For example, as discussed supra, if anothertechnology is detected, the UE may determine the CR_(limit) by dividingCBR_(limit) _(_) _(d) (CBR_(limit) for CBR_(d)) by a number of stationsthat is determined based on CBR_(d). For example, as discussed supra, ifanother technology is not detected, the UE may determine the CR_(limit)by dividing CBR_(limit) _(_) _(e) (CBR_(limit) for CBR_(c)) by a numberof stations that is determined based on CBR_(c).

In an aspect, the UE may determine the channel resource utilizationlimit as the function of the energy-based CBR or the decode-based CBRbased on at least one of pre-configuration within the UE or dynamicconfiguration via a received configuration message. In such an aspect,the pre-configuration may be performed via at least one of the UE or aUICC, and the dynamic configuration is performed based on at least oneof RRC signaling from a base station, signaling from an ITS sever, orsignaling from an operator-controlled server. For example, as discussedsupra, the generalized function F(CBR) may be configured, e.g., via apre-configuration within the UE or a dynamic configuration, where theCBR may be CBR_(e) or CBR_(d). For example, as discussed supra, thepre-configuration may be performed via at least one of the UE or a UICC.For example, as discussed supra, the dynamic configuration is performedbased on at least one of RRC signaling from a base station, signalingfrom an ITS sever, or signaling from an operator-controlled server.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart 900 of a method of wireless communication. Themethod may be performed by a UE (e.g., the UE 512, the apparatus1002/1002′). At 902, the UE determines a CBR. At 904, the UE determinesone or more channel resource utilization limits based on the CBR, whereeach channel resource utilization limit of the one or more channelresource utilization limits corresponds to a respective packet priority.For example, as discussed supra, the UE may compute channel resourceutilization limits according to respective packet priorities of packetsbeing transmitted. For example, as discussed supra, each channelresource utilization limit corresponding to a respective packet prioritymay be computed based on the CBR, based on the generalized functionF(CBR) configured for the respective packet priority. In an aspect, achannel resource utilization limit of the one or more channel resourceutilization limit may be higher for a higher packet priority. Forexample, as discussed supra, a higher CR limit may be used for a higherpriority packet.

In an aspect, the one or more channel resource utilization limits basedon the CBR may be determined based on at least one of pre-configurationwithin the UE or dynamic configuration via a received configurationmessage. In such an aspect, the pre-configuration may be performed viaat least one of the UE or a UICC, and the dynamic configuration isperformed based on at least one of RRC signaling from a base station,signaling from an ITS sever, or signaling from an operator-controlledserver. For example, as discussed supra, each of the channel resourceutilization limits may be computed based on pre-configuration within theUE or the dynamic configuration. For example, as discussed supra, thepre-configuration may be performed via at least one of the UE or a UICC.For example, as discussed supra, the dynamic configuration is performedbased on at least one of RRC signaling from a base station, signalingfrom an ITS sever, or signaling from an operator-controlled server.

In an aspect, each channel resource utilization limit of the one or morechannel resource utilization limit may be determined by: determining aCBR limit for a corresponding packet priority, determining a number ofother UEs within a communication range of the UE as a function of theCBR, and determining a channel resource utilization limit for thecorresponding packet priority by dividing the CBR limit for thecorresponding packet priority by the number of other UEs within thecommunication range of the UE. For example, as discussed supra, the UEmay compute the CR upper limit (CR_(limit)) on the channel resourceutilization by dividing the CBR_(limit) by a number of stations (e.g.,UEs, transmitters) present within a communication range of the UE. Insuch an aspect, the CBR limit may be higher for a higher packetpriority. For example, as discussed supra, a higher CBR_(limit) may beused for a higher priority packet. In such an aspect, the CBR limit maybe configured based on at least one of pre-configuration within the UEor dynamic configuration via a received configuration message. In suchan aspect, the pre-configuration may be performed via at least one ofthe UE or a UICC, and the dynamic configuration is performed based on atleast one of RRC signaling from a base station, signaling from an ITSsever, or signaling from an operator-controlled server. For example, asdiscussed supra, the upper limit for each type of CBR (e.g.,CBR_(limit)) may be provided via pre-configuration and/or a dynamicconfiguration. For example, as discussed supra, the pre-configurationmay be performed via at least one of the UE or a UICC. For example, asdiscussed supra, the dynamic configuration is performed based on atleast one of RRC signaling from a base station, signaling from an ITSsever, or signaling from an operator-controlled server.

At 906, the UE may control transmission of a plurality of packets basedon the one or more channel resource utilization limits, each packet ofthe plurality of packets being associated with a respective packetpriority. In an aspect, the UE may control the transmission of theplurality of packets by: controlling transmission of a packet of theplurality packets based at least on the determined channel resourceutilization limit that corresponds to the respective priority of thepacket. For example, as discussed supra, the UE may control transmissionof packets based on CR limits that correspond to respective packetpriorities, where a higher CR limit may be used for a higher prioritypacket.

In an aspect, the UE may control the transmission of the plurality ofpackets by: if a channel resource utilization for a corresponding packetpriority is below the corresponding channel resource utilization limit,transmitting each packet of the plurality of packets associated with thecorresponding packet priority, and if the channel resource utilizationfor the corresponding packet priority is greater than or equal to thecorresponding channel resource utilization limit, refraining fromtransmitting each packet of the plurality of packets associated with thecorresponding packet priority. For example, as discussed supra, if a CRis below a CR_(limit) for a particular priority, then the UE maytransmit packets with the particular priority. For example, as discussedsupra, if the CR is greater than or equal to the CR_(limit) for theparticular priority, then the UE may not transmit packets with theparticular priority.

In an aspect, the UE may control the transmission of the plurality ofpackets by transmitting each packet of the plurality of packets with ahigher packet priority before transmitting one or more packets of theplurality of packets with a lower packet priority if the plurality ofpackets with at least two different packet priorities are allowed to betransmitted. For example, as discussed supra, if the packets withdifferent priorities are transmitted, the UE may transmit the packets ina particular order based on the different priorities. For example, asdiscussed supra, the UE may first transmit all higher priority packetsbefore transmitting lower priority packets.

In an aspect, the UE may control the transmission of the plurality ofpackets by assigning a weight for each packet priority, where the weightdefines a portions of packets to be transmitted for a correspondingpriority, and transmitting the plurality of packets with at least twodifferent packet priorities based on the weight for each packet priorityin an order of packet priority. For example, as discussed supra, the UEmay assign different weights for different priorities, and may transmitpackets of different priorities based on the weights. In such an aspect,the weight for each packet priority may be based on the CBR. Forexample, as discussed supra, the weights for the priorities may befurther based on the CBR.

In an aspect, packet priority information about packet priorities of theplurality of packets may be included in at least one of controltransmission or data transmission, and the determining the CBR includesdetermining a decode-based CBR based on the packet priority information.For example, as discussed supra, the control transmission and/or datatransmission (e.g., at a physical layer) may include the packet priorityinformation. Then, for example, as discussed supra, the UE may determinea CBR_(d) per priority based on the priority information included in thetransmissions.

FIG. 10 is a conceptual data flow diagram 1000 illustrating the dataflow between different means/components in an exemplary apparatus 1002.The apparatus may be a UE. The apparatus includes a reception component1004, a transmission component 1006, a CBR management component 1008, acommunication management component 1010, a channel resource utilizationcomponent 1012, and a technology detection component 1014. The apparatusmay receive communication from a base station 1030 via the receptioncomponent 1004 at 1052, and may transmit communication to the basestation 1030 via the transmission component 1006 at 1054.

According to one aspect of the disclosure, the CBR management component1008 determines an energy-based CBR based on a number of probes on a setof radio resources having respective energy levels greater than anenergy threshold (e.g., via the reception component 1004 at 1052 and1056). The CBR management component 1008 may forward the energy-basedCBR to the communication management component 1010, at 1058, and/or tothe channel resource utilization component 1012, at 1060.

In an aspect, the CBR management component 1008 may determine adecode-based CBR based on a number of probes on the set of radioresources with successful decoding. In an aspect, each radio resourcemay be based on a minimum time-frequency unit of resource allocation forthe UE. In an aspect, the successful decoding may be determined based onCRC. The CBR management component 1008 may forward the decode-based CBRto the communication management component 1010, at 1058, and/or to thechannel resource utilization component 1012, at 1060.

The CBR management component 1008 may determine a CBR limit based on atleast one of pre-configuration within the UE or dynamic configurationvia a received configuration message. In such an aspect, thepre-configuration is performed via at least one of the UE or a UICC, andthe dynamic configuration is performed based on at least one of RRCsignaling from a base station (e.g., base station 1030), signaling froman ITS sever, or signaling from an operator-controlled server (e.g., viathe reception component 1004, at 1056).

The communication management component 1010 performs congestion controlbased on the energy-based CBR by adjusting at least one transmissionparameter of one or more transmission parameters or transmission powerof the UE based on the energy-based CBR (e.g., by communicating with thereception component 1004 at 1062 and the transmission component 1006 at1064).

In an aspect, the one or more transmission parameters may include atleast one of a transmission rate, a number of HARQ transmissions, anumber of resources used for transmission, or an MCS. In such an aspect,the adjusting the one or more transmission parameters or the transmitpower of the UE may include decreasing a channel resource utilization byperforming at least one of: decreasing the transmission rate, decreasingthe number of HARQ transmissions, decreasing the number of resourcesused for transmission, increasing the MCS, or decreasing thetransmission power.

In an aspect, the communication management component 1010 may performthe congestion control further based on the decode-based CBR.

In an aspect, the communication management component 1010 may performthe congestion control by limiting a channel resource utilization whenat least one of the energy-based CBR or the decode-based CBR exceeds theCBR limit.

In an aspect, the CBR management component 1008 may determine theenergy-based CBR by: determining a first energy-based CBR for a set ofcontrol resources used for control transmissions and determining asecond energy-based CBR for a set of data resources used for datatransmissions, where the communication management component 1010 mayperform the congestion control based on at least one of the firstenergy-based CBR or the second energy-based CBR. In an aspect, the CBRmanagement component 1008 may determine the energy-based CBR by:determining a first decode-based CBR for the set of control resourcesand determining a second decode-based CBR for the set of data resources,where the communication management component 1010 may perform thecongestion control based on at least one of the first decode-based CBRor the second decode-based CBR.

In an aspect, the channel resource utilization component 1012 maydetermine a channel resource utilization limit for the UE as a functionof the energy-based CBR. The channel resource utilization component 1012may forward the channel resource utilization limit to the communicationmanagement component 1010, at 1066. In such an aspect, the communicationmanagement component 1010 may perform the congestion control byadjusting the one or more transmission parameters to maintain a channelresource utilization below the channel resource utilization limit thatis based on the energy-based CBR. In such an aspect, the channelresource utilization component 1012 may determine the channel resourceutilization limit as the function of the energy-based CBR based on atleast one of pre-configuration within the UE or dynamic configurationvia a received configuration message. In such an aspect, thepre-configuration is performed via at least one of the UE or a UICC, andthe dynamic configuration is performed based on at least one of RRCsignaling from a base station (e.g., base station 1030), signaling froman ITS sever, or signaling from an operator-controlled server (e.g., viathe reception component 1004, at 1072).

In an aspect, the channel resource utilization component 1012 maydetermine the channel resource utilization limit as the function of theenergy-based CBR by: determining a CBR limit, determining a number ofother UEs within a communication range of the UE based on theenergy-based CBR, and determining the channel resource utilization limitby dividing an energy-based CBR limit by the number of the other UEswithin the communication range.

In an aspect, the technology detection component 1014 may determinewhether a second technology different from a first technology used bythe UE is detected (e.g., via the reception component 1004, at 1068). Inan aspect, the technology detection component 1014 may determine whetherthe second technology is detected by: identifying one or more resourceswith energy levels greater than an energy threshold, determining thatthe second technology is detected if a fraction based on an amount ofdecodable energy of the one or more resources and an overall energy ofthe one or more resources is less than an fraction threshold, anddetermining that the second technology is not detected if the fractionbased on the amount of the decodable energy of the one or more resourcesand the overall energy of the one or more resources is greater than thefraction threshold. The technology detection component 1014 mayindicate, to the CBR management component 1008 at 1070, whether a secondtechnology different from a first technology used by the UE is detected

In such an aspect, the channel resource utilization component 1012 maydetermine a channel resource utilization limit based on the decode-basedCBR or the energy-based CBR, where the channel resource utilizationlimit is determined as a function of the decode-based CBR if thepresence of the second technology is detected, and the channel resourceutilization limit is determined as a function of the energy-based CBR ifthe presence of the second technology is not detected. In such anaspect, the communication management component 1010 may perform thecongestion control by adjusting the one or more transmission parametersto maintain a channel resource utilization below the channel resourceutilization limit. In an aspect, the energy-based CBR limit may begreater than or equal to the decode-based CBR limit.

In an aspect, the channel resource utilization component 1012 maydetermine the channel resource utilization limit as the function of thedecode-based CBR or as the function of the energy-based CBR by:determining a CBR limit, determining a number of other UEs within acommunication range of the UE as a function of the energy-based CBR orthe decode-based CBR, and determining the channel resource utilizationlimit by dividing the CBR limit by the UEs within the communicationrange.

In an aspect, the channel resource utilization component 1012 maydetermine the channel resource utilization limit as the function of theenergy-based CBR or the decode-based CBR based on at least one ofpre-configuration within the UE or dynamic configuration via a receivedconfiguration message. In such an aspect, the pre-configuration isperformed via at least one of the UE or a UICC, and the dynamicconfiguration is performed based on at least one of RRC signaling from abase station (e.g., base station 1030), signaling from an ITS sever, orsignaling from an operator-controlled server (e.g., via the receptioncomponent 1004, at 1072).

According to another aspect of the disclosure, the CBR managementcomponent 1008 determines a CBR. The CBR management component 1008 mayforward the CBR to the channel resource utilization component 1012, at1060. The channel resource utilization component 1012 determines one ormore channel resource utilization limits based on the CBR, where eachchannel resource utilization limit of the one or more channel resourceutilization limits corresponds to a respective packet priority. Thechannel resource utilization component 1012 may forward the one or morechannel resource utilization limits to the communication managementcomponent 1010, at 1066. In an aspect, a channel resource utilizationlimit of the one or more channel resource utilization limit is higherfor a higher packet priority.

In an aspect, the channel resource utilization component 1012 maydetermine the one or more channel resource utilization limits based onthe CBR, based on at least one of pre-configuration within the UE ordynamic configuration via a received configuration message. In such anaspect, the pre-configuration may be performed via at least one of theUE or a UICC, and the dynamic configuration is performed based on atleast one of RRC signaling from a base station, signaling from an ITSsever, or signaling from an operator-controlled server.

In an aspect, each channel resource utilization limit of the one or morechannel resource utilization limit may be determined by: determining aCBR limit for a corresponding packet priority, determining a number ofother UEs within a communication range of the UE as a function of theCBR, and determining a channel resource utilization limit for thecorresponding packet priority by dividing the CBR limit for thecorresponding packet priority by the number of other UEs within thecommunication range of the UE. In such an aspect, the CBR limit ishigher for a higher packet priority. In such an aspect, the CBR limitmay be configured based on at least one of pre-configuration within theUE or dynamic configuration via a received configuration message. Insuch an aspect, the pre-configuration may be performed via at least oneof the UE or a UICC, and the dynamic configuration is performed based onat least one of RRC signaling from a base station, signaling from an ITSsever, or signaling from an operator-controlled server.

The communication management component 1010 controls, via thetransmission component 1006 at 1064, transmission of a plurality ofpackets based on the one or more channel resource utilization limits,each packet of the plurality of packets being associated with arespective packet priority. In an aspect, the communication managementcomponent 1010 may control the transmission of the plurality of packetsby: controlling transmission of a packet of the plurality packets basedat least on the determined channel resource utilization limit thatcorresponds to the respective priority of the packet.

In an aspect, the communication management component 1010 may controlthe transmission of the plurality of packets by: if a channel resourceutilization for a corresponding packet priority is below thecorresponding channel resource utilization limit, transmitting eachpacket of the plurality of packets associated with the correspondingpacket priority, and if the channel resource utilization for thecorresponding packet priority is greater than or equal to thecorresponding channel resource utilization limit, refraining fromtransmitting each packet of the plurality of packets associated with thecorresponding packet priority.

In an aspect, the communication management component 1010 may controlthe transmission of the plurality of packets by transmitting each packetof the plurality of packets with a higher packet priority beforetransmitting one or more packets of the plurality of packets with alower packet priority if the plurality of packets with at least twodifferent packet priorities are allowed to be transmitted. In an aspect,the communication management component 1010 may control the transmissionof the plurality of packets by assigning a weight for each packetpriority, where the weight defines a portions of packets to betransmitted for a corresponding priority, and transmitting the pluralityof packets with at least two different packet priorities based on theweight for each packet priority in an order of packet priority. In suchan aspect, the weight for each packet priority may be based on the CBR.

In an aspect, packet priority information for each packet of theplurality of packets is included in at least one of control transmissionor data transmission, and the determining the CBR includes determining adecode-based CBR based on the packet priority information

The apparatus may include additional components that perform each of theblocks of the algorithm in the aforementioned flowcharts of FIGS. 7-9.As such, each block in the aforementioned flowcharts of FIGS. 7-9 may beperformed by a component and the apparatus may include one or more ofthose components. The components may be one or more hardware componentsspecifically configured to carry out the stated processes/algorithm,implemented by a processor configured to perform the statedprocesses/algorithm, stored within a computer-readable medium forimplementation by a processor, or some combination thereof.

FIG. 11 is a diagram 1100 illustrating an example of a hardwareimplementation for an apparatus 1002′ employing a processing system1114. The processing system 1114 may be implemented with a busarchitecture, represented generally by the bus 1124. The bus 1124 mayinclude any number of interconnecting buses and bridges depending on thespecific application of the processing system 1114 and the overalldesign constraints. The bus 1124 links together various circuitsincluding one or more processors and/or hardware components, representedby the processor 1104, the components 1004, 1006, 1008, 1010, 1012,1014, and the computer-readable medium/memory 1106. The bus 1124 mayalso link various other circuits such as timing sources, peripherals,voltage regulators, and power management circuits, which are well knownin the art, and therefore, will not be described any further.

The processing system 1114 may be coupled to a transceiver 1110. Thetransceiver 1110 is coupled to one or more antennas 1120. Thetransceiver 1110 provides a means for communicating with various otherapparatus over a transmission medium. The transceiver 1110 receives asignal from the one or more antennas 1120, extracts information from thereceived signal, and provides the extracted information to theprocessing system 1114, specifically the reception component 1004 Inaddition, the transceiver 1110 receives information from the processingsystem 1114, specifically the transmission component 1006, and based onthe received information, generates a signal to be applied to the one ormore antennas 1120. The processing system 1114 includes a processor 1104coupled to a computer-readable medium/memory 1106. The processor 1104 isresponsible for general processing, including the execution of softwarestored on the computer-readable medium/memory 1106. The software, whenexecuted by the processor 1104, causes the processing system 1114 toperform the various functions described supra for any particularapparatus. The computer-readable medium/memory 1106 may also be used forstoring data that is manipulated by the processor 1104 when executingsoftware. The processing system 1114 further includes at least one ofthe components 1004, 1006, 1008, 1010, 1012, 1014. The components may besoftware components running in the processor 1104, resident/stored inthe computer readable medium/memory 1106, one or more hardwarecomponents coupled to the processor 1104, or some combination thereof.The processing system 1114 may be a component of the UE 350 and mayinclude the memory 360 and/or at least one of the TX processor 368, theRX processor 356, and the controller/processor 359.

In one configuration, the apparatus 1002/1002′ for wirelesscommunication includes means for determining an energy-based CBR basedon a number of probes on a set of radio resources having respectiveenergy levels greater than an energy threshold, and means for performingcongestion control based on the energy-based CBR by adjusting at leastone transmission parameter of one or more transmission parameters ortransmission power of the UE based on the energy-based CBR. In anaspect, the apparatus 1002/1002′ further includes means for determininga channel resource utilization limit for the UE as a function of theenergy-based CBR, where the means for performing the congestion controlis configured to adjust the at least one transmission parameter of theone or more transmission parameters or the transmission power tomaintain a channel resource utilization below the channel resourceutilization limit that is based on the energy-based CBR. In an aspect,the means for determining the channel resource utilization limit as thefunction of the energy-based CBR is configured to determine the channelresource utilization limit based on at least one of pre-configurationwithin the UE or dynamic configuration via a received configurationmessage. In an aspect, the means for determining the channel resourceutilization limit as the function of the energy-based CBR is configuredto: determine a CBR limit, determine a number of other UEs within acommunication range of the UE based on the energy-based CBR, anddetermine the channel resource utilization limit by dividing anenergy-based CBR limit by the number of the other UEs within thecommunication range. In an aspect, the apparatus 1002/1002′ furtherincludes means for determining a decode-based CBR based on the number ofprobes on the set of radio resources with successful decoding, where themeans for performing the congestion control is configured to perform thecongestion control based on the decode-based CBR.

In an aspect, the means for determining the energy-based CBR isconfigured to: determine a first energy-based CBR for a set of resourcesused for control transmissions and determining a second energy-based CBRfor a set of resources used for data transmissions, where the means forperforming the congestion control is configured to perform thecongestion control based on at least one of the first energy-based CBRor the second energy-based CBR. In an aspect, the means for determiningthe decode-based CBR is configured to: determine a first decode-basedCBR for a set of resources used for control transmissions anddetermining a second decode-based CBR for a set of resources used fordata transmissions, where the means for performing the congestioncontrol is configured to perform the congestion control based on atleast one of the first decode-based CBR or the second decode-based CBR.

In an aspect, the apparatus 1002/1002′ further includes means fordetermining a CBR limit based on at least one of pre-configurationwithin the UE or dynamic configuration via a received configurationmessage, where the means for performing the congestion control isconfigured to limit a channel resource utilization when at least one ofthe energy-based CBR or the decode-based CBR exceeds the CBR limit.

In an aspect, the apparatus 1002/1002′ further includes means fordetermining whether a second technology different from a firsttechnology used by the UE is detected, and means for determining achannel resource utilization limit for the UE based on the decode-basedCBR or the energy-based CBR, wherein the channel resource utilizationlimit is determined as a function of the decode-based CBR if thepresence of the second technology is detected, and the channel resourceutilization limit is determined as a function of the energy-based CBR ifthe presence of the second technology is not detected, where the meansfor performing the congestion control is configured to adjust the one ormore transmission parameters to maintain a channel resource utilizationbelow the channel resource utilization limit. In such an aspect, themeans for determining the channel resource utilization limit as thefunction of the decode-based CBR or as the function of the energy-basedCBR is configured to: determine a CBR limit, determine a number of otherUEs within a communication range of the UE as a function of theenergy-based CBR or the decode-based CBR, and determine the channelresource utilization limit by dividing the CBR limit by the UEs withinthe communication range. In such an aspect, the means for determiningthe channel resource utilization limit as the function of theenergy-based CBR or the decode-based CBR is configured to determinechannel resource utilization limit based on at least one ofpre-configuration within the UE or dynamic configuration via a receivedconfiguration message. In an aspect, the means for the determiningwhether the second technology is detected is configured to: identify oneor more resources with energy levels greater than a second energythreshold, determine that the second technology is detected if afraction based on an amount of decodable energy of the one or moreresources and an overall energy of the one or more resources is lessthan an fraction threshold, and determine that the second technology isnot detected if the fraction based on the amount of the decodable energyof the one or more resources and the overall energy of the one or moreresources is greater than the fraction threshold.

In another configuration, the apparatus 1002/1002′ for wirelesscommunication includes means for determining a CBR, means fordetermining one or more channel resource utilization limits based on theCBR, wherein each channel resource utilization limit of the one or morechannel resource utilization limits corresponds to a respective packetpriority, and means for controlling transmission of a plurality ofpackets based on the one or more channel resource utilization limits,each packet of the plurality of packets being associated with arespective packet priority. In an aspect, the means for controlling thetransmission of the plurality of packets is configured to controltransmission of a packet of the plurality packets based at least on thedetermined channel resource utilization limit that corresponds to therespective priority of the packet. In an aspect, the means forcontrolling the transmission of the plurality of packets is configuredto: if a channel resource utilization for a corresponding packetpriority is below the corresponding channel resource utilization limit,transmitting each packet of the plurality of packets associated with thecorresponding packet priority, and if the channel resource utilizationfor the corresponding packet priority is greater than or equal to thecorresponding channel resource utilization limit, refraining fromtransmitting each packet of the plurality of packets associated with thecorresponding packet priority. In an aspect, the means for controllingthe transmission of the plurality of packets is configured to: if theplurality of packets with at least two different packet priorities areallowed to be transmitted, transmit each packet of the plurality ofpackets with a higher packet priority before transmitting one or morepackets of the plurality of packets with a lower packet priority. In anaspect, the means for controlling the transmission of the plurality ofpackets is configured to: assign a weight for each packet priority,wherein the weight defines a portions of packets to be transmitted for acorresponding packet priority, and transmit the plurality of packetswith at least two different packet priorities based on the weight foreach packet priority in an order of packet priority. In an aspect,packet priority information for each packet of the plurality of packetsis included in at least one of control transmission or datatransmission, and the means for determining the CBR is configured todetermine a decode-based CBR based on the packet priority information.

The aforementioned means may be one or more of the aforementionedcomponents of the apparatus 1002 and/or the processing system 1114 ofthe apparatus 1002′ configured to perform the functions recited by theaforementioned means. As described supra, the processing system 1114 mayinclude the TX Processor 368, the RX Processor 356, and thecontroller/processor 359. As such, in one configuration, theaforementioned means may be the TX Processor 368, the RX Processor 356,and the controller/processor 359 configured to perform the functionsrecited by the aforementioned means.

It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in theprocesses/flowcharts disclosed is an illustration of exemplaryapproaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that thespecific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes/flowcharts may berearranged. Further, some blocks may be combined or omitted. Theaccompanying method claims present elements of the various blocks in asample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order orhierarchy presented.

The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in theart to practice the various aspects described herein. Variousmodifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilledin the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied toother aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to theaspects shown herein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistentwith the language claims, wherein reference to an element in thesingular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specificallyso stated, but rather “one or more.” The word “exemplary” is used hereinto mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspectdescribed herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed aspreferred or advantageous over other aspects. Unless specifically statedotherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Combinations such as“at least one of A, B, or C,” “one or more of A, B, or C,” “at least oneof A, B, and C,” “one or more of A, B, and C,” and “A, B, C, or anycombination thereof” include any combination of A, B, and/or C, and mayinclude multiples of A, multiples of B, or multiples of C. Specifically,combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C,” “one or more of A, B,or C,” “at least one of A, B, and C,” “one or more of A, B, and C,” and“A, B, C, or any combination thereof” may be A only, B only, C only, Aand B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, where any such combinationsmay contain one or more member or members of A, B, or C. All structuraland functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspectsdescribed throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to beknown to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporatedherein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims.Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to thepublic regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited inthe claims. The words “module,” “mechanism,” “element,” “device,” andthe like may not be a substitute for the word “means.” As such, no claimelement is to be construed as a means plus function unless the elementis expressly recited using the phrase “means for.”

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of wireless communication by a userequipment (UE), comprising: determining an energy-based channel busyratio (CBR) based on a number of probes on a set of radio resourceshaving respective energy levels greater than an energy threshold; andperforming congestion control based on the energy-based CBR by adjustingat least one transmission parameter of one or more transmissionparameters or transmission power of the UE based on the energy-basedCBR.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining a channelresource utilization limit for the UE as a function of the energy-basedCBR, wherein the performing the congestion control comprises adjustingthe at least one transmission parameter of the one or more transmissionparameters or the transmission power to maintain a channel resourceutilization below the channel resource utilization limit that is basedon the energy-based CBR.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein determiningthe channel resource utilization limit as the function of theenergy-based CBR is based on at least one of pre-configuration withinthe UE or dynamic configuration via a received configuration message. 4.The method of claim 2, wherein determining the channel resourceutilization limit as the function of the energy-based CBR comprises:determining a CBR limit; and determining a number of other UEs within acommunication range of the UE based on the energy-based CBR; anddetermining the channel resource utilization limit by dividing anenergy-based CBR limit by the number of the other UEs within thecommunication range.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:determining a decode-based CBR based on the number of probes on the setof radio resources with successful decoding, wherein the performing thecongestion control is based on the decode-based CBR.
 6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the one or more transmission parameters include atleast one of a transmission rate, a number of hybrid automatic repeatrequest (HARQ) transmissions, a number of resources used fortransmission, or a modulation and coding scheme (MCS).
 7. The method ofclaim 6, wherein the adjusting the one or more transmission parametersor the transmit power of the UE comprises decreasing a channel resourceutilization by performing at least one of: decreasing the transmissionrate; decreasing the number of HARQ transmissions; decreasing the numberof resources used for transmission; increasing the MCS, or decreasingthe transmission power.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein thedetermining the energy-based CBR comprises: determining a firstenergy-based CBR for a set of resources used for control transmissionsand determining a second energy-based CBR for a set of resources usedfor data transmissions, wherein the performing the congestion control isbased on at least one of the first energy-based CBR or the secondenergy-based CBR.
 9. The method of claim 5, wherein the determining thedecode-based CBR comprises: determining a first decode-based CBR for aset of resources used for control transmissions and determining a seconddecode-based CBR for a set of resources used for data transmissions,wherein the performing the congestion control is based on at least oneof the first decode-based CBR or the second decode-based CBR.
 10. Themethod of claim 5, further comprising: determining a CBR limit based onat least one of pre-configuration within the UE or dynamic configurationvia a received configuration message, wherein the performing thecongestion control comprises limiting a channel resource utilizationwhen at least one of the energy-based CBR or the decode-based CBRexceeds the CBR limit.
 11. The method of claim 5, further comprising:determining whether a second technology different from a firsttechnology used by the UE is detected; determining a channel resourceutilization limit for the UE based on the decode-based CBR or theenergy-based CBR, wherein the channel resource utilization limit isdetermined as a function of the decode-based CBR if the presence of thesecond technology is detected, and the channel resource utilizationlimit is determined as a function of the energy-based CBR if thepresence of the second technology is not detected, wherein theperforming the congestion control comprises adjusting the one or moretransmission parameters to maintain a channel resource utilization belowthe channel resource utilization limit.
 12. The method of claim 11,wherein determining the channel resource utilization limit as thefunction of the decode-based CBR or as the function of the energy-basedCBR comprises: determining a CBR limit; and determining a number ofother UEs within a communication range of the UE as a function of theenergy-based CBR or the decode-based CBR; and determining the channelresource utilization limit by dividing the CBR limit by the UEs withinthe communication range.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein thedetermining the channel resource utilization limit as the function ofthe energy-based CBR or the decode-based CBR is based on at least one ofpre-configuration within the UE or dynamic configuration via a receivedconfiguration message.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein thedetermining whether the second technology is detected comprises:identifying one or more resources with energy levels greater than asecond energy threshold; determining that the second technology isdetected if a fraction based on an amount of decodable energy of the oneor more resources and an overall energy of the one or more resources isless than an fraction threshold, and determining that the secondtechnology is not detected if the fraction based on the amount of thedecodable energy of the one or more resources and the overall energy ofthe one or more resources is greater than the fraction threshold.
 15. Auser equipment (UE) for wireless communication, comprising: a memory;and at least one processor coupled to the memory and configured to:determine an energy-based channel busy ratio (CBR) based on a number ofprobes on a set of radio resources having respective energy levelsgreater than an energy threshold; and perform congestion control basedon the energy-based CBR by adjusting at least one transmission parameterof one or more transmission parameters or transmission power of the UEbased on the energy-based CBR.
 16. The UE of claim 15, wherein the atleast one processor is further configured to: determine a channelresource utilization limit for the UE as a function of the energy-basedCBR, wherein the at least one processor configured to perform thecongestion control is configured to adjust the at least one transmissionparameter of the one or more transmission parameters or the transmissionpower to maintain a channel resource utilization below the channelresource utilization limit that is based on the energy-based CBR. 17.The UE of claim 16, wherein the at least one processor configured todetermine the channel resource utilization limit as the function of theenergy-based CBR is configured to: determine a CBR limit; and determinea number of other UEs within a communication range of the UE based onthe energy-based CBR; and determine the channel resource utilizationlimit by dividing an energy-based CBR limit by the number of the otherUEs within the communication range.
 18. The UE of claim 15, wherein theat least one processor is further configured to: determine adecode-based CBR based on the number of probes on the set of radioresources with successful decoding, wherein the at least one processorconfigured to perform the congestion control is configured to performthe congestion control further based on the decode-based CBR.
 19. The UEof claim 15, wherein the one or more transmission parameters include atleast one of a transmission rate, a number of hybrid automatic repeatrequest (HARQ) transmissions, a number of resources used fortransmission, or a modulation and coding scheme (MCS), and wherein theat least one processor configured to adjust the one or more transmissionparameters or the transmit power of the UE is configured to decrease achannel resource utilization by performing at least one of: decreasingthe transmission rate; decreasing the number of HARQ transmissions;decreasing the number of resources used for transmission; increasing theMCS, or decreasing the transmission power.
 20. The UE of claim 15,wherein the at least one processor configured to determine theenergy-based CBR is configured to: determine a first energy-based CBRfor a set of resources used for control transmissions and determining asecond energy-based CBR for a set of resources used for datatransmissions, wherein the at least one processor configured to performthe congestion control is configured to perform the congestion controlbased on at least one of the first energy-based CBR or the secondenergy-based CBR.
 21. The UE of claim 18, wherein the at least oneprocessor configured to determine the decode-based CBR is configured to:determine a first decode-based CBR for a set of resources used forcontrol transmissions and determining a second decode-based CBR for aset of resources used for data transmissions, wherein the at least oneprocessor configured to perform the congestion control is configured toperform the congestion control based on at least one of the firstdecode-based CBR or the second decode-based CBR.
 22. The UE of claim 18,wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: determine aCBR limit based on at least one of pre-configuration within the UE ordynamic configuration via a received configuration message, wherein theat least one processor configured to perform the congestion control isconfigured to limit a channel resource utilization when at least one ofthe energy-based CBR or the decode-based CBR exceeds the CBR limit. 23.The UE of claim 18, wherein the at least one processor is furtherconfigured to: determine whether a second technology different from afirst technology used by the UE is detected; determine a channelresource utilization limit for the UE based on the decode-based CBR orthe energy-based CBR, wherein the channel resource utilization limit isdetermined as a function of the decode-based CBR if the presence of thesecond technology is detected, and the channel resource utilizationlimit is determined as a function of the energy-based CBR if thepresence of the second technology is not detected, wherein the at leastone processor configured to perform the congestion control is configuredto adjust the one or more transmission parameters to maintain a channelresource utilization below the channel resource utilization limit. 24.The UE of claim 23, wherein the at least one processor is furtherconfigured to determine whether the second technology is detected isconfigured to: identify one or more resources with energy levels greaterthan a second energy threshold; determine that the second technology isdetected if a fraction based on an amount of decodable energy of the oneor more resources and an overall energy of the one or more resources isless than an fraction threshold, and determine that the secondtechnology is not detected if the fraction based on the amount of thedecodable energy of the one or more resources and the overall energy ofthe one or more resources is greater than the fraction threshold.
 25. Auser equipment (UE) for wireless communication, comprising: means fordetermining an energy-based channel busy ratio (CBR) based on a numberof probes on a set of radio resources having respective energy levelsgreater than an energy threshold; and means for performing congestioncontrol based on the energy-based CBR by adjusting at least onetransmission parameter of one or more transmission parameters ortransmission power of the UE based on the energy-based CBR.
 26. The UEof claim 25, further comprising: means for determining a channelresource utilization limit for the UE as a function of the energy-basedCBR, wherein the means for performing the congestion control isconfigured to adjust the at least one transmission parameter of the oneor more transmission parameters or the transmission power to maintain achannel resource utilization below the channel resource utilizationlimit that is based on the energy-based CBR.
 27. The UE of claim 25,further comprising: means for determining a decode-based CBR based onthe number of probes on the set of radio resources with successfuldecoding, wherein the means for performing the congestion control isconfigured to perform the congestion control based on the decode-basedCBR.
 28. The UE of claim 27, further comprising: means for determining aCBR limit based on at least one of pre-configuration within the UE ordynamic configuration via a received configuration message, wherein themeans for performing the congestion control is configured to limit achannel resource utilization when at least one of the energy-based CBRor the decode-based CBR exceeds the CBR limit.
 29. The UE of claim 27,further comprising: means for determining whether a second technologydifferent from a first technology used by the UE is detected; and meansfor determining a channel resource utilization limit for the UE based onthe decode-based CBR or the energy-based CBR, wherein the channelresource utilization limit is determined as a function of thedecode-based CBR if the second technology is detected, and the channelresource utilization limit is determined as a function of theenergy-based CBR if the second technology is not detected, wherein themeans for performing the congestion control is configured to adjust theone or more transmission parameters to maintain a channel resourceutilization below the channel resource utilization limit.
 30. Acomputer-readable medium storing computer executable code, comprisingcode to: determine an energy-based channel busy ratio (CBR) based on anumber of probes on a set of radio resources having respective energylevels greater than an energy threshold; and perform congestion controlbased on the energy-based CBR by adjusting at least one transmissionparameter of one or more transmission parameters or transmission powerof the UE based on the energy-based CBR.